Novelties of dietary supplements for immunity

Novelties of dietary supplements for immunity: review and analysis

Section 1: Understanding immunity and factors affecting its work

Immunity is a complex multi -level system of protecting the body from pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and other foreign agents. Effective work of the immune system is critical of maintaining health and preventing diseases. Immunity can be divided into two main types: congenital and acquired.

1.1 Inborn immunity:

Congenital immunity is the first line of defense with which the body faces threats. It is nonspecific, that is, it reacts equally to a wide range of pathogens. The components of congenital immunity include:

• Physical barriers: Leather, mucous membranes, eyelashes in the respiratory tract, gastric juice.
• Cells: Macrophages, neutrophils, natural killers (NK cells), dendritic cells.
• Molecules: Complement, interferon and cytokine.

These components work together to quickly detect and destroy pathogens, as well as activate other components of the immune system.

1.2 acquired immunity:

The acquired immunity develops after contact with a specific pathogen or antigen. It is characterized by high specificity and forms immunological memory, allowing the body to respond faster and more efficiently with the same pathogen with re -infection. The main components of the acquired immunity:

• B-lymphocytes (B cells): Produce antibodies that neutralize pathogens or march them to destroy other cells.
• T-lymphocytes (T cells):
  • T-highpers (CD4+ cells): Coordinate the immune response, activating the B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
  • Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ cells): Destroy infected cells.
  • Regulatory T cells (Treg): Sold excessive immune reactions and prevent autoimmune diseases.

1.3 Factors affecting immunity:

The functioning of the immune system is influenced by many factors, both external and internal. These include:

• Nutrition: The lack of nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals and proteins, can weaken the immune system.
• Stress: Chronic stress suppresses immune functions, increasing susceptibility to infections.
• Dream: The lack of sleep also weakens immunity.
• Age: The immune system weakens with age, which makes the elderly more vulnerable to infections.
• Physical activity: Moderate physical activity strengthens the immune system, while excessive loads can suppress it.
• Smoking and alcohol: These bad habits weaken the immune system.
• Chronic diseases: Some chronic diseases, such as diabetes and HIV, weaken the immunity.
• Medicines: Some drugs, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, suppress the immune system.
• Environmental pollution: The effect of contaminated air and water can weaken the immune system.
• Genetic factors: Genetics plays a role in predisposition to certain immune disorders and infections.
• Intestinal microbia: Healthy intestinal microbia plays an important role in maintaining immunity.

Section 2: Novelties of dietary supplements for immunity: components and mechanisms of action

The modern market for immunity offers a wide range of products containing various components aimed at supporting and strengthening the immune system. It is important to understand which components are really effective and how they work.

2.1 Vitamin D:

Vitamin D plays a key role in the functioning of the immune system. He participates in the regulation of both innate and acquired immunity.

• The mechanism of action: Vitamin D binds to vitamin D (VDR) receptors, which are present on immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes. The binding of vitamin D with VDR modulates the expression of genes involved in the immune response.

  • Inborn immunity: Vitamin D enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages and stimulates the products of antimicrobial peptides, such as Katelicidin, which help fight infections.
  • Acquired immunity: Vitamin D modulates the function of T-Helper, contributing to the development of Th1 cells, which are important for combating intracellular pathogens. It also suppresses the development of Th17 cells that can participate in autoimmune diseases.

• New items:

  • Vitamin D3 in liposomal form: The liposomal form provides higher bioavailability of vitamin D3, improving its absorption and effectiveness.
  • Combined additives with vitamin K2: Vitamin K2 helps to direct calcium into the bones and teeth, and not in soft tissues, which can be important when taking high doses of vitamin D.

2.2 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid):

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and plays an important role in maintaining the immune system.

• The mechanism of action:

  • Antioxidant Protection: Vitamin C protects immune cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are formed during inflammatory processes and an immune response.
  • Stimulation of immune cells: Vitamin C stimulates the function of neutrophils, increasing their mobility, phagocytic activity and the ability to destroy bacteria. It also supports the function of NK cells and T-lymphocytes.
  • Increase increase: Interferon: Vitamin C promotes the production of interferons that play an important role in antiviral protection.

• New items:

  • Liposomal vitamin C: As in the case of vitamin D, liposomal vitamin C provides higher bioavailability.
  • Vitamin C with bioflavonoids: Bioflavonoids improve the absorption of vitamin C and have additional antioxidant and anti -inflammatory properties.
  • Buerized vitamin C: This form of vitamin C is less acidic and is better tolerated by people with a sensitive stomach.

2.3 zinc:

Zinc is an important trace element necessary for the functioning of the immune system.

• The mechanism of action:

  • Development and function of immune cells: Zinc plays an important role in the development and functioning of various immune cells, including T-lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and NK cells.
  • Antioxidant Protection: Zinc is a component of antioxidant enzyme superoxidsmouth (SOD), which protects cells from damage caused by free radicals.
  • Antiviral activity: Zinc can inhibit the replication of some viruses.

• New items:

  • Zinc picolinat: This form of zinc has high bioavailability and is well absorbed by the body.
  • Zinc Carnosine: Zinc carnosine has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can be useful for maintaining the health of the gastrointestinal tract, which indirectly affects immunity.
  • Combined additives with copper: When taking high doses of zinc, copper absorption may be violated, therefore it is advisable to take zinc in combination with copper.

2.4 Selenium:

Selenium is an important trace element with antioxidant and immunomodulating properties.

• The mechanism of action:

  • Antioxidant Protection: Selenium is a component of glutathioneperoxidase (GPX), an important antioxidant enzyme that protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals.
  • Stimulation of immune cells: Selenium can stimulate the function of NK cells and T-lymphocytes.
  • Regulation of the immune response: Selenium affects the products of cytokines, regulating the immune response.

• New items:

  • Selenomethumentin: This organic form of selenium has high bioavailability.
  • Selenium-grunt: Selenium chiro contain selenium in organic form and is also well absorbed by the body.

2.5 probiotics:

Probiotics are living microorganisms, which, when taken in sufficient quantities, have a positive effect on the health of the owner. They play an important role in maintaining the health of the intestinal microbioma, which is closely connected with the immune system.

• The mechanism of action:

  • Modulation microbioma: Probiotics help restore and maintain the balance of intestinal microbioma, displacing pathogenic microorganisms and creating a favorable environment for the growth of beneficial bacteria.
  • Strengthening the barrier function of the intestine: Probiotics strengthen the barrier function of the intestines, preventing the penetration of pathogens and toxins into the blood.
  • Stimulation of immune cells: Probiotics stimulate the function of immune cells in the intestines, such as macrophages and T-lymphocytes.
  • Immunomodulating products: Some probiotics produce substances that have an immunomodulating effect, such as short -chain fatty acids (KCHK), for example, butyrate.

• New items:

  • Probiotics with prebiotics (Sinbiotics): Prebiotics are substances that serve as food for probiotics, contributing to their growth and activity in the intestines. Combined supplements of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotics) can be more effective than pure probiotics.
  • Postbiotics: Postbiotics are metabolic products that are formed as a result of the vital activity of probiotics, such as KTszhk, peptidoglycans and enzymes. Postbiotics can have an immunomodulating and anti -inflammatory effect, even if probiotics do not survive in the intestines.
  • Probiotics with proven clinical efficiency: It is important to choose probiotics for which there is scientific evidence of effectiveness in relation to specific immune diseases or conditions.

2.6 Plant extracts:

Many plant extracts have immunomodulating and anti -inflammatory properties.

• SOUTINATEA: Echinacea is known for its immunostimulating properties. It contains active substances, such as polysaccharides and alkylamides that stimulate the function of macrophages and NK cells.

• Elder (Sambucus nigra): Buzina extract contains antioxidants, such as anthocyans that have antiviral activity and can reduce the duration and severity of colds and influenza.

• Astragal: Astragal is an adaptogen that helps the body adapt to stress and strengthens the immune system. It stimulates the function of T-lymphocytes and increases interferon products.

• Small Andrographis (Andrographis Paniculata): Andrographis has anti -inflammatory and antiviral properties. He can help alleviate the symptoms of colds and influenza.

• Kurkumin (from turmeric): Kurkumin is a powerful antioxidant and anti -inflammatory agent. He modulates the immune response and can help reduce inflammation.

• New items:

  • Liposomal forms of plant extracts: Liposomal forms provide a higher bioavailability of active substances from plant extracts.
  • Standardized extracts with a high content of active substances: It is important to choose plant extracts that are standardized by the content of active substances in order to ensure stable efficiency.
  • Combined plant complexes: The combination of various plant extracts with a synergistic effect can be more effective than individual extracts.

2.7 mushrooms of medicinal (Medicinal Mushrooms):

Some mushrooms, such as Reishi, Shiitaka, Matake and Chaga, have immunomodulating properties.

• The mechanism of action: Medicinal mushrooms contain polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, which stimulate the function of immune cells, such as macrophages, NK cells and T-lymphocytes. They also have antioxidant and anti -inflammatory properties.

• New items:

  • Highly content of beta-glucans: It is important to choose extracts of medicinal mushrooms with a high content of beta-glucans in order to ensure maximum efficiency.
  • Full-Spectrum Extracts extracts: Full spectrum extracts contain all the active components of the mushrooms, including polysaccharides, triterpenes and other compounds, which provides a more complex effect.
  • Mycelium and mushroom fruits: Some additives contain both mycelium (vegetative body of the mushroom) and the fruits of mushrooms, which provides a wider range of active substances.

2.8 amino acids:

Some amino acids play an important role in maintaining the immune system.

• Glutamine: Glutamin is an important source of energy for immune cells and helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier.

• Arginine: Arginine is involved in the synthesis of nitrogen oxide (No), which plays an important role in the immune response.

• Cysteine: Cysteine ​​is the predecessor of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that protects immune cells from damage.

• New items:

  • N-Acetylcistein (NAC): NAC is a derivative of cysteine ​​and has high bioavailability. It contributes to the synthesis of glutathione and has a mucolytic effect.
  • Glutamin Peptides: Glutamin of peptides is better absorbed by the body than free glutamine.

2.9 other components:

In addition to the above components, there are other substances that can be useful for maintaining immunity.

• Coenzim Q10 (COQ10): COQ10 is an antioxidant and plays an important role in the production of energy in cells, including immune cells.

• Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA): ALA is a powerful antioxidant and has anti -inflammatory properties.

• Beta-carotene: Beta-carotene is the predecessor of vitamin A, who plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system.

• Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help modulate the immune response.

Section 3: Scientific research and clinical tests of dietary supplements for immunity

The effectiveness of dietary supplements for immunity should be confirmed by scientific research and clinical trials. It is important to critically evaluate the results of research and take into account their methodology, sample size and statistical significance.

3.1 Vitamin D:

Numerous studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of infections, including respiratory infections. Vitamin D additives can reduce the risk of infections, especially in people with vitamin D deficiency. Clinical testing metaminas has shown that vitamin D intake can reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections.

3.2 Vitamin C:

Studies have shown that the intake of vitamin C can reduce the duration and severity of colds. Vitamin C can also be useful for the prevention of infections in people who are subject to intensive physical exertion.

3.3 zinc:

Studies have shown that zinc intake can reduce the duration and severity of colds, especially when taking the disease at the onset of the disease. Zinc can also be useful for the prevention of pneumonia in the elderly.

3.4 selenium:

Studies have shown that selenium can improve the immune function in people with selenium deficiency. Selenium can also be useful for the prevention of viral infections.

3.5 probiotics:

Numerous studies have shown that probiotics can improve the immune function, reduce the risk of infections and reduce the duration of diarrhea caused by antibiotics.

3.6 Plant extracts:

Studies have shown that echinacea can reduce the duration and severity of colds. Buzina extract can have antiviral activity and reduce the duration of influenza. Astragal can improve the immune function in people with weakened immunity.

3.7 mushrooms medicinal:

Studies have shown that medicinal mushrooms can stimulate the immune function and improve the quality of life in people with weakened immunity.

It is important to note that the research results can be contradictory, and additional studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of dietary supplements for immunity.

Section 4: Choice of dietary supplements for immunity: Criteria and recommendations

When choosing dietary supplements for immunity, it is important to consider the following criteria:

• Composition: Pay attention to the composition of the dietary supplement and make sure that it contains components with proven effectiveness.
• Dosage: Follow the dosage recommendations indicated on the packaging.
• Bioavailability: Choose dietary supplements with components in forms that are well absorbed by the body (for example, liposomal forms, organic forms of minerals).
• Quality: Choose dietary supplements from reliable manufacturers who comply with quality standards (for example, GMP).
• Safety: Consult a doctor before taking dietary supplements, especially if you have chronic diseases or take medications.
• Individual needs: Consider your individual needs and health features when choosing dietary supplements.
• Scientific research: Look for dietary supplements whose effectiveness is confirmed by scientific research and clinical trials.

Recommendations:

• Before you start taking dietary supplements, consult a doctor or nutritionist.
• Do not exceed the recommended dosage.
• Combine the reception of dietary supplements with a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, physical activity and stress management.
• Be realistic in your expectations. Bades are not a replacement for medicines or a healthy lifestyle.
• Pay attention to possible side effects and interactions with other drugs.
• Tell the doctor about all the dietary supplements you accept.

Section 5: Prospects and future dietary supplements for immunity

The development and study of dietary supplements for immunity continues, and in the future we can expect the emergence of new and more effective products.

• Personalized approach: In the future, it will be possible to develop dietary supplements adapted to the individual needs and genetic characteristics of each person.
• Nanotechnology: Nanotechnologies can be used to improve bioavailability and delivery of active substances of dietary supplements.
• Artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence can be used to analyze large volumes of data and identify new components and combinations that can be useful for immunity.
• The study of microbioma: Further study of the intestinal microbioma will develop more effective probiotics and prebiotics to maintain immunity.
• Clinical trials: Further clinical trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of new and existing dietary supplements for immunity.

It is important to remain informed about the latest scientific achievements and consult a doctor before taking any dietary supplements. The field is constantly evolving, and ongoing research is crucial to validating claims and ensuring the safety and effectiveness of these supplements.