Immunomodulating dietary supplements: is it worth taking them

Posted on by

Immunomodulating dietary supplements: is it worth taking them? Extensive analysis of efficiency, safety and regulation

Section 1: Human Immune System: the basis of protection and regulation

  1. The fundamental principles of the immune system:

    • Inborn immunity: The first line of defense, including physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (acidity of the stomach, lysozyme), cell components (macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells) and molecular components (complementary, cytokines). Description of each component and their role in immediately response to pathogens. An explanation of the pathogen-ashuman molecular pattern recognition mechanism (Pamps) through patterns recognition receptors (PRRS), such as TLR (Toll-Like Receptors).
    • Adaptive immunity: A specific immune response formed in contact with antigens. Includes humoral immunity (B lymphocytes, antibodies) and cellular immunity (T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, headers). A detailed description of the processes of antigenic presentation, activation of lymphocytes, clonal selection and differentiation. Explanation of the role of MHC (Major Histocompathility Complex) class I and II in the presentation of antigens to t-lymphocytes. Description of the mechanisms of the formation of immunological memory.
    • Interaction of innate and adaptive immunity: Explanation of synergy between the two branches of the immune system. The role of cytokines and chemokins in the coordination of the immune response. Examples of interaction between macrophages and T-lymphocytes.

  2. Factors affecting the function of the immune system:

    • Age: Age -related changes in the immune system (immunostation). Reducing the activity of thimus and a decrease in the number of naive T-lymphocytes. Increased susceptibility to infections in older people.
    • Genetics: Genetic predisposition to various immune disorders. The role of MHC genes in determining susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Genetic options affecting the function of cytokines and other immune mediators.
    • Nutrition: The influence of macro- and micronutrients on the immune function. The role of vitamins (A, C, D, E, B6, B12, folic acid), minerals (zinc, selenium, iron, copper) and amino acids in maintaining an immune response. Nutrient deficiency and immunodeficiency.
    • Stress: The influence of acute and chronic stress on the immune function. The role of cortisol and other stress hormones in the suppression of the immune response. The effect of stress on the activity of NK cells and the production of cytokines.
    • Dream: The effect of lack of sleep on the immune function. Violation of circadian rhythms and immunity. The role of melatonin in the regulation of the immune response.
    • Physical activity: The influence of moderate and intensive physical exertion on the immune function. “Open window” after intense training and increased susceptibility to infections. The role of physical activity in maintaining immune health.
    • Bad habits (smoking, alcohol): The influence of smoking and alcohol abuses on the immune function. Damage to the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. The effect of alcohol on the function of macrophages and neutrophils.
    • Related diseases: The effect of chronic diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, oncological diseases) on immune function. Immunosuppression associated with HIV infection.

  3. Dysfunctions of the immune system:

    • Immunodeficiency: Primary immunodeficiency (genetic disorders) and secondary immunodeficiency (caused by infections, drugs, malnutrition). Examples of primary immunodeficiency (severe combined immunodeficiency, general variable immunodeficiency). Secondary immunodeficiencies associated with HIV, chemotherapy, organs transplantation.
    • Autoimmune diseases: Violation of immune tolerance and attack of own fabrics. Examples of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto disease, multiple sclerosis). The role of genetic predisposition and environmental factors in the development of autoimmune diseases.
    • Allergic reactions: The hypersensitivity of the immune system to harmless substances (allergens). The role of IgE antibodies and fat cells in the development of allergic reactions. Examples of allergic reactions (allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema, anaphylactic shock).

Section 2: What is immunomodulators and immunostimulants? Classification and mechanisms of action

  1. Determination and difference between immunomodulators and immunostimulants:

    • Immunomodulator: Substances that can change the function of the immune system, both stimulating and suppressing it. The goal is to restore normal immune regulation and homeostasis.
    • Immunostimulators: Substances that stimulate the immune response. They can enhance the activity of immune cells, the production of antibodies and cytokines.
    • A critical assessment of a popular but simplified idea of ​​”strengthening immunity.” An explanation why artificial “strengthening” without taking into account individual characteristics and the current state of the immune system can be harmful.

  2. Classification of immunomodulators:

    • Endogenous immunomodulators: Tsitokins (interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors), thymus hormones (Timosin, Timopoetin), growth factors. Description of their role in the natural regulation of the immune response.
    • Exogenous immunomodulators:
      • Bacterial drugs: Bacteria lizata, components of the bacterial cell wall (lipopolysaccharides, peptidlycans). Action mechanisms: TLRS activation, stimulation of congenital immunity. Examples: Broncho-Vaxom, Ribomunyl, IRS 19.
      • Nucleic acid drugs: Two-chain RNA, CPG-Oligonucleotides. Action Mechanisms: TLRS activation, stimulation of interferons.
      • Interferon drugs: Alfa-, beta-, gamma interferons. Action mechanisms: antiviral activity, stimulation of the activity of NK cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
      • Synthetic immunomodulators: Imidazokhinolins (imcovimod), tiloron, polyoxidonium. Action Mechanisms: TLRS activation, stimulation of cytokine production, increasing the activity of phagocytes.
      • Plant immunomodulators: Extracts of echinacea, ginseng, eleutherococcus, garlic. Action mechanisms: stimulation of the activity of phagocytes, an increase in the production of cytokines, antioxidant activity. (Detailed analysis of each plant and its components).

  3. The mechanisms of action of immunomodulators at the cellular and molecular levels:

    • Influence on congenital immunity: Activation of macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells. Improving phagocytic activity and cytokine products.
    • Influence on adaptive immunity: Stimulation of proliferation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes and b lymphocytes. Increasing the production of antibodies and the cytotoxic activity of T-lymphocytes.
    • Influence on the cytokine profile: Changing the balance between Th1- and Th2-impressions. Increasing the production of interferons, interleukins and other cytokines.
    • Influence on regulatory T-lymphocytes (TREGS): Tregs activity modulation to restore immune tolerance.

Section 3: Immunomodulating dietary supplements: composition, estimated effects and evidence base

  1. The composition of typical immunomodulating dietary supplements:

    • Vitamins and minerals: Vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, selenium. Description of their role in immune function and analysis of dosages in dietary supplements. A critical assessment of applications about “megadozes” and their potential risks.
    • Plant extracts: Echinacea, ginseng, eleutherococcus, garlic, ginger, turmeric. Description of their traditional use and analysis of active components (polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids).
    • Probiotics and prebiotics: Lactobacteria, bifidobacteria, fructoligosaccharides. Description of their role in maintaining intestinal health and modulating the immune system.
    • Mushrooms: Mushroom extracts Shiitaka, Reishi, Maitaka. Description of their active components (beta-glucans) and the alleged impact on the immune function.
    • Other components: Coenzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid, n-acetylcysteine ​​(NAC).

  2. The declared effects of immunomodulating dietary supplements (from the point of view of manufacturers):

    • Strengthening immunity: Increasing resistance to infections, a decrease in the frequency and duration of the disease.
    • Prevention of influenza and SARS: Reduction of the risk of infection with viral infections.
    • Improving overall well -being: Increase in energy, decrease in fatigue.
    • Support for the immune system in chronic diseases: Relief symptoms and improvement of the quality of life.
    • Recovery after illness: Acceleration acceleration and reduction in the risk of complications.

  3. Analysis of the evidence base (scientific research):

    • Vitamin C: Review of studies on the influence of vitamin C on the prevention and treatment of SARS. A critical assessment of conflicting results and analysis of factors affecting effectiveness (dosage, duration of admission, health status).
    • Vitamin D: Review of studies about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. Analysis of studies on the effect of vitamin D additives on the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.
    • Zinc: Review of studies on the influence of zinc on the immune function and course of SARS. Analysis of studies on the effect of zinc on the activity of immune cells and the production of cytokines.
    • SOUTINATEA: Review of studies on the influence of echinacea on the prevention and treatment of SARS. A critical assessment of conflicting results and analysis of various types and extracts of echinacea.
    • Probiotics: Review of studies on the influence of probiotics on immune function and prevention of infections. Analysis of various probiotics strains and their specific effects.
    • Other components: Analysis of available scientific data on the efficiency and safety of other components of immunomodulating dietary supplements.

  4. Meta-analyzes and systematic reviews:

    • Analysis of existing meta-analyzes and systematic reviews devoted to the effectiveness of immunomodulating dietary supplements. Assessment of the quality and reliability of these studies.
    • A critical assessment of the conclusions of meta analyzes and systematic reviews. Discussion of restrictions and contradictions.

  5. Problems in the study of immunomodulating dietary supplements:

    • Heterogeneity of compositions: Differences in the composition and dosages of various dietary supplements. Difficulties in comparing the results of research.
    • Low quality research: Insufficient amount of randomized controlled studies (RCTs). Problems with research design (inadequate control, small samples).
    • The subjectivity of the assessment of effectiveness: The use of subjective evaluation criteria (for example, assessment of SARS symptoms).
    • Lack of standardization: Lack of standardization of production and quality control of dietary supplements. The risk of pollution and inconsistencies of the declared composition.
    • Commercial slope: Sponsoring research by dietary supplements and the possibility of biased results.

Section 4: Safety of Immunomodulating Bades: side effects and contraindications

  1. Side effects:

    • General side effects: Gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, diarrhea, constipation), allergic reactions (skin rash, itching, Quincke’s edema), headache, dizziness.
    • Specific side effects:
      • Vitamin C: Gastrointestinal disorders, the formation of kidney stones (at high doses).
      • Vitamin D: Hypercalcemia (at high doses).
      • Zinc: Gastrointestinal disorders, violation of copper absorption (with prolonged use of high doses).
      • SOUTINATEA: Allergic reactions (especially in people with allergies to plants of the Astro family), autoimmune reactions (in rare cases).
      • Probiotics: Gastrointestinal disorders (flatulence, bloating), infection (in rare cases in people with weakened immunity).

  2. Contraindications:

    • Autoimmune diseases: System red lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis. Stimulation of the immune system can aggravate the course of these diseases.
    • Immunodeficiency states: HIV infection, conditions after organs transplantation. A consultation with a doctor is necessary before taking immunomodulating dietary supplements.
    • Allergy for components components: Individual intolerance to dietary supplements.
    • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: There is not enough data on the safety of immunomodulating dietary supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Consultation with a doctor is needed.
    • Childhood: Consultation with a doctor is necessary before using immunomodulating dietary supplements in children.

  3. Interaction with drugs:

    • Anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin): Some plant extracts (ginseng, garlic, ginger) can enhance the effect of anticoagulants and increase the risk of bleeding.
    • Immunosuppressors (cyclosporine, azathioprine): Immunomodulating dietary supplements can reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressors.
    • Antibiotics: Probiotics can interact with antibiotics. It is recommended to take probiotics a few hours after taking antibiotics.
    • Other drugs: It is necessary to consult a doctor before the simultaneous intake of immunomodulating dietary supplements and other drugs.

  4. The risks of uncontrolled intake of immunomodulating dietary supplements:

    • Violation of the immune balance: The improper use of immunomodulators can lead to impaired immune regulation and the development of autoimmune reactions.
    • Masks of serious diseases: Reception of immunomodulators can mask the symptoms of serious diseases and complicate the diagnosis.
    • Dependence on the dietary supplement: The formation of psychological dependence on the use of dietary supplements and a decrease in motivation for a healthy lifestyle.

Section 5: Regulation of immunomodulating dietary supplements: legislation and quality control

  1. Legislation regulating the production and sale of dietary supplements:

    • Daistry definition: The difference between dietary supplements and medicines.
    • Dad production requirements: Compliance with sanitary norms and rules (GMP).
    • Bades labeling requirements: Indication of the composition, dosages, contraindications and recommendations for use.
    • Quality control of dietary supplements: State quality control of dietary supplements.

  2. Bods exercising control and sale of dietary supplements:

    • Rospootrebnadzor: Runes control over the compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for dietary supplements.
    • Federal Accreditation Service (Rosakkreditation): Accredits laboratories conducting dietary supplements.
    • Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation: Develops regulatory documents governing the turnover of dietary supplements.

  3. Problems in the regulation of the market of the Dad:

    • Lack of strict requirements for the evidence base: Bad manufacturers are not required to prove the effectiveness of their products in clinical research.
    • Lack of quality control: The risk of falsification and pollution of dietary supplements.
    • Aggressive advertising: The introduction of consumers regarding the efficiency and safety of dietary supplements.
    • Weak responsibility of manufacturers: The difficulty of bringing dietary supplements for liable for inaccurate information and causing harm to consumer health.

  4. How to choose high -quality and safe dietary supplement:

    • Pay attention to the manufacturer: Choose dietary supplements from well -known and trusted manufacturers.
    • Check the availability of quality certificates: Make sure that the dietary supplement is certified and meets the safety requirements.
    • Study the composition: Carefully read the composition of Bad and make sure that there are no undesirable ingredients in it.
    • Consult a doctor: Before using dietary supplements, consult a doctor, especially if you have chronic diseases or take medications.
    • Do not trust aggressive advertising: Critically refer to advertising statements about the efficiency and safety of dietary supplements.

Section 6: Alternative approaches to maintaining immunity: a healthy lifestyle and proven methods

  1. A healthy lifestyle as the basis of a strong immune system:

    • Balanced nutrition: The use of sufficient amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, protein and healthy fats. Limiting sugar consumption, processed products and trans fats.
    • Regular physical activity: Moderate physical activity (30-60 minutes a day) to maintain the immune function.
    • Sufficient sleep: Providing 7-8 hours of sleep per day to restore the immune system.
    • Stress management: The use of relaxation techniques (meditation, yoga, breathing exercises) to reduce stress.
    • Refusal of smoking and abuse of alcohol: Cessation of bad habits to maintain immune health.
    • Maintaining a healthy weight: Avoiding obesity and insufficient weight for optimal immune function.

  2. Vaccination:

    • The role of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases: Creating immunity to dangerous infections.
    • Vaccination recommendations: Compliance with the national vaccination calendar and the recommendations of doctors.
    • Security and the effectiveness of vaccines: Review of scientific data on the safety and efficiency of vaccines.

  3. Prevention of infections:

    • Hand hygiene: Regular washing of hands with soap to prevent the spread of infections.
    • Avoiding contacts with sick people: Compliance with social distance and the use of personal protective equipment (masks) during epidemics.
    • Ventilation of the premises: Regular ventilation of the premises to reduce the concentration of viruses and bacteria in the air.
    • Strengthening the mucous membranes: Maintaining the moisture content of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract (hydration of air, the use of a sufficient amount of liquid).

  4. The use of drugs with proven effectiveness:

    • Antiviral drugs: The use of antiviral drugs as prescribed by a doctor to treat viral infections (for example, flu, herpes).
    • Immunoglobuline: The use of immunoglobulins for the treatment of immunodeficiency conditions.
    • Cytokines: The use of cytokines (interferons, interleukins) for the treatment of certain diseases (for example, hepatitis C, cancer). (Strictly according to the appointment of a doctor and under his control).

  5. Psychological support:

    • The influence of the psychological state on the immune function: Maintaining a positive mood and reducing the level of anxiety.
    • Psychological support methods: Psychotherapy, support groups, communication with loved ones.

Section 7: who should take immunomodulating dietary supplements (and is it worth it at all): an individual approach and recommendations

  1. Groups of people who are taking immunomodulating dietary supplements can be potentially useful (with reservations):

    • People with chronic diseases: Patients with chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes. (Only after consulting a doctor and in the absence of contraindications).
    • Elderly people: Persons over 65 years old with a weakened immune system. (With caution and under the control of a doctor, given the possible side effects and interaction with other drugs).
    • People subject to frequent infections: Persons often suffering from SARS and influenza. (As an addition to a healthy lifestyle and with the ineffectiveness of other methods of prevention).
    • People living in adverse environmental conditions: Residents of regions with a high level of air pollution. (To support the immune system and reduce the negative impact of the environment).

  2. The importance of consulting a doctor:

    • Individual assessment of health status: Determination of risk factors and contraindications to the reception of immunomodulating dietary supplements.
    • The choice of optimal dietary supplement: The selection of dietary supplements, taking into account the individual characteristics of the body and needs.
    • Determining the dosage and duration of the reception: Development of an individual dietary supplement plan.
    • Efficiency and safety monitoring: Monitoring the state of health and timely detection of side effects.

  3. When immunomodulating dietary supplements are not recommended:

    • Autoimmune diseases: Avoid taking immunomodulating dietary supplements without consulting a doctor.
    • Immunodeficiency states: Consultation with a doctor and a cautious approach to the choice of immunomodulating dietary supplements are needed.
    • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Avoid taking immunomodulating dietary supplements without consulting a doctor.
    • Childhood: Consultation with a doctor is necessary before using immunomodulating dietary supplements in children.
    • In the absence of obvious signs of weakening immunity: It is not recommended to take immunomodulating dietary supplements “for prevention” without consulting a doctor.

  4. An individual approach to maintaining immunity:

    • Accounting for age, gender, genetic predisposition, lifestyle and concomitant diseases.
    • Development of an individual plan for maintaining immunity based on a healthy lifestyle, vaccination and other methods of prevention.
    • The use of immunomodulating dietary supplements only as prescribed by a doctor and under his control.

  5. The prospects for research of immunomodulating drugs:

    • Development of new immunomodulators with higher efficiency and safety.
    • Conducting large randomized controlled studies to assess the effectiveness of existing immunomodulators.
    • The study of the mechanisms of action of immunomodulators at the cellular and molecular levels.
    • The development of personalized approaches to immunomodulation, taking into account the individual characteristics of the body.

This detailed analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the immune system, immunomodulators, immunomodulating dietary supplements, their effectiveness, safety, regulation and alternative approaches to maintaining immunity. He emphasizes the importance of an individual approach and consultation with a doctor before making a decision on taking immunomodulating dietary supplements.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *