New dietary supplement

Section 1: Understanding the Landscape of Sleep and the Need for Novel Approaches

Sleep, a fundamental biological process, is crucial for physical and cognitive restoration, memory consolidation, immune function, and overall health. Disruptions in sleep patterns, ranging from occasional insomnia to chronic sleep disorders, affect a significant portion of the global population, impacting their quality of life and increasing the risk of various health problems. These problems include cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, mood disturbances, and impaired cognitive performance.

The increasing prevalence of sleep disturbances has fueled a growing interest in interventions aimed at improving sleep quality and duration. While conventional treatments, such as prescription medications and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), remain important options, many individuals seek alternative or complementary approaches, including dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. This demand has led to a surge in the development and marketing of new dietary supplements, often referred to as «БАДы» (biologically active additives) in Russian-speaking regions, specifically targeting sleep enhancement.

However, the efficacy and safety of these new BАДы vary significantly. Rigorous scientific evaluation is essential to differentiate between products with genuine sleep-promoting benefits and those that rely on anecdotal evidence or unsubstantiated claims. Furthermore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of action of these supplements is crucial for informed decision-making and personalized recommendations. This section aims to provide a foundation for understanding the complex relationship between sleep, various physiological processes, and the potential role of novel BАДы in promoting healthy sleep patterns.

Factors Contributing to Sleep Disturbances:

• Stress and Anxiety: Elevated stress levels and anxiety can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased cortisol production and disruption of the sleep-wake cycle. Chronic stress can result in persistent insomnia and other sleep disorders.

• Circadian Rhythm Disruption: The circadian rhythm, the body’s internal clock, regulates sleep-wake cycles and other physiological processes. Disruption of this rhythm, often caused by shift work, jet lag, or irregular sleep schedules, can lead to sleep disturbances and impaired daytime function.

• Dietary Factors: Consumption of caffeine, alcohol, and sugary foods close to bedtime can interfere with sleep onset and quality. Nutrient deficiencies, such as magnesium or vitamin D deficiency, have also been linked to sleep problems.

• Underlying Medical Conditions: Various medical conditions, including chronic pain, respiratory disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), and neurological disorders (e.g., restless legs syndrome), can significantly disrupt sleep.

• Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants, stimulants, and beta-blockers, can have side effects that interfere with sleep.

• Environmental Factors: Noise, light, and temperature can significantly impact sleep quality. A comfortable and conducive sleep environment is essential for promoting restful sleep.

The Need for Novel Approaches:

While existing treatments for sleep disorders are effective for many individuals, they may not be suitable for everyone. Prescription medications can have unwanted side effects, and CBT-I requires significant time and commitment. Moreover, some individuals prefer to explore natural or complementary approaches before resorting to pharmacological interventions.

This creates a demand for novel BАДы that are safe, effective, and well-tolerated. These supplements may offer an alternative or complementary approach to improving sleep quality and duration, particularly for individuals with mild to moderate sleep disturbances. However, it is crucial to critically evaluate the scientific evidence supporting the use of these supplements and to consider potential interactions with other medications or health conditions.

Section 2: Melatonin and its Analogues: Beyond the Basics

Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, plays a critical role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its production is influenced by light exposure, with melatonin levels typically rising in the evening and peaking during the night, promoting sleepiness and facilitating sleep onset. Melatonin supplements are widely used as a sleep aid, particularly for individuals with jet lag, shift work, or delayed sleep phase disorder.

Traditional melatonin supplements typically contain synthetic melatonin, which is readily available over-the-counter in many countries. However, newer approaches are exploring different forms of melatonin and its analogues to potentially enhance its efficacy and address specific sleep-related challenges.

Novel Melatonin Formulations and Delivery Systems:

• Prolonged-Release Melatonin: Unlike immediate-release melatonin, which is rapidly absorbed and eliminated, prolonged-release formulations are designed to release melatonin gradually over several hours. This can help maintain elevated melatonin levels throughout the night, promoting sleep maintenance and preventing early morning awakenings. Studies have shown that prolonged-release melatonin can be particularly beneficial for older adults, who often experience decreased melatonin production.

• Sublingual Melatonin: Sublingual administration involves placing the melatonin tablet or liquid under the tongue, allowing it to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the first-pass metabolism in the liver. This can result in faster onset of action and potentially higher bioavailability compared to oral melatonin.

• Liposomal Melatonin: Liposomes are microscopic vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate and deliver various substances, including melatonin. Liposomal delivery can protect melatonin from degradation in the digestive tract and enhance its absorption, potentially improving its efficacy.

• Melatonin Analogues: Several melatonin analogues, such as ramelteon and tasimelteon, have been developed as prescription medications for sleep disorders. These analogues bind to melatonin receptors in the brain with higher affinity and selectivity compared to synthetic melatonin. Ramelteon is approved for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset, while tasimelteon is approved for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder in blind individuals.

Considerations for Melatonin Supplementation:

• Dosage: The optimal dosage of melatonin varies depending on individual factors and the specific formulation used. It is generally recommended to start with a low dose (e.g., 0.5-1 mg) and gradually increase it as needed, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

• Timing: Melatonin should be taken approximately 30-60 minutes before bedtime to allow sufficient time for it to take effect.

• Potential Side Effects: Melatonin is generally considered safe, but some individuals may experience side effects such as drowsiness, headache, dizziness, or nausea.

• Interactions: Melatonin may interact with certain medications, such as anticoagulants, antidepressants, and immunosuppressants. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking melatonin, especially if you are taking other medications or have underlying health conditions.

• Quality Control: The quality and purity of melatonin supplements can vary significantly. It is important to choose products from reputable manufacturers that have been tested for contaminants and potency.

Section 3: Herbal Remedies: Modern Takes on Traditional Sleep Aids

Herbal remedies have been used for centuries to promote sleep and relaxation. Several herbs, such as valerian root, chamomile, and lavender, have demonstrated sleep-promoting properties in clinical studies. Modern BАДы are exploring innovative formulations and delivery systems to enhance the efficacy and bioavailability of these traditional herbal sleep aids.

Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis):

Valerian root is a perennial herb that has been traditionally used to treat insomnia and anxiety. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it is believed to interact with GABA receptors in the brain, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.

• Novel Formulations: Some valerian root supplements are formulated with other sleep-promoting herbs, such as hops or lemon balm, to enhance their synergistic effects. Additionally, standardized extracts of valerian root are available, ensuring consistent potency and efficacy.

• Liposomal Delivery: As with melatonin, liposomal delivery systems are being explored to improve the absorption and bioavailability of valerian root extracts.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla):

Chamomile is a flowering herb that is widely consumed as a tea for its calming and sleep-promoting properties. Chamomile contains apigenin, an antioxidant that binds to GABA receptors in the brain, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.

• Standardized Extracts: Chamomile extracts are available in standardized forms, ensuring consistent levels of apigenin and other active compounds.

• Essential Oil Inhalation: Chamomile essential oil can be inhaled through aromatherapy diffusers or applied topically (diluted with a carrier oil) to promote relaxation and sleep.

Lavender (Lavandula angustijolia):

Lavender is a fragrant herb that is known for its calming and sleep-promoting properties. Lavender essential oil has been shown to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality in several studies.

• Oral Lavender Oil Capsules: Oral lavender oil capsules are a relatively new approach to delivering lavender’s sleep-promoting benefits. Studies have shown that these capsules can be effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.

• Lavender Patches: Transdermal lavender patches are designed to release lavender essential oil gradually over several hours, providing continuous exposure to its calming scent.

Other Notable Herbal Remedies:

• Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis): Lemon balm is a calming herb that has been shown to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality when combined with other herbs, such as valerian root.

• Passionflower (Passiflora incarnated): Passionflower is a climbing vine that has traditionally been used to treat anxiety and insomnia. It is believed to increase GABA levels in the brain, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.

• Hops (Humulus lupulus): Hops are the female flower clusters of the hop plant, which are used in the brewing of beer. Hops have sedative properties and are often combined with valerian root in sleep-promoting supplements.

Considerations for Herbal Remedies:

• Dosage: The optimal dosage of herbal remedies varies depending on the specific herb and the individual’s sensitivity. It is generally recommended to start with a low dose and gradually increase it as needed.

• Potential Side Effects: Herbal remedies are generally considered safe, but some individuals may experience side effects such as drowsiness, headache, or gastrointestinal upset.

• Interactions: Herbal remedies may interact with certain medications. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking herbal remedies, especially if you are taking other medications or have underlying health conditions.

• Quality Control: The quality and purity of herbal supplements can vary significantly. It is important to choose products from reputable manufacturers that have been tested for contaminants and potency.

Section 4: Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters: Targeting Brain Chemistry for Sleep

Certain amino acids and neurotransmitters play crucial roles in regulating sleep and wakefulness. Supplementation with these substances may help promote relaxation, reduce anxiety, and improve sleep quality. Novel BАДы are exploring the potential of these compounds to target specific neurotransmitter pathways involved in sleep regulation.

L-Theanine:

L-Theanine is an amino acid found primarily in tea leaves. It is known for its calming and anxiolytic effects, without causing drowsiness. L-Theanine is believed to increase levels of GABA, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.

• Combination Therapies: L-Theanine is often combined with other sleep-promoting ingredients, such as melatonin or herbal extracts, to enhance its synergistic effects.

• Extended-Release Formulations: Extended-release formulations of L-Theanine are designed to provide sustained calming effects throughout the night, promoting sleep maintenance.

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid):

GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It helps to reduce neuronal excitability, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety. While GABA supplements are available, their effectiveness is debated, as GABA may not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.

• GABA Precursors: Instead of directly supplementing with GABA, some BАДы focus on providing precursors that the body can use to synthesize GABA, such as glutamine or L-theanine.

• GABA Receptor Modulators: Certain herbal extracts, such as valerian root and chamomile, are believed to modulate GABA receptor activity, enhancing the effects of GABA.

5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan):

5-HTP is an amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep. Supplementation with 5-HTP may help increase serotonin levels in the brain, promoting relaxation and improving sleep quality.

• Delayed-Release Capsules: Delayed-release capsules of 5-HTP are designed to prevent its breakdown in the stomach and ensure optimal absorption in the small intestine.

• Combination with Melatonin: 5-HTP is often combined with melatonin to synergistically promote sleep onset and maintenance.

Tryptophan:

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is also a precursor to serotonin and melatonin. Supplementation with tryptophan may help improve sleep quality, particularly in individuals with tryptophan deficiencies.

• L-Tryptophan vs. D-Tryptophan: L-Tryptophan is the naturally occurring form of tryptophan and is considered safe. D-Tryptophan is a synthetic form that was associated with a serious health condition in the past and is not recommended.

Magnesium:

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a role in numerous bodily functions, including sleep regulation. Magnesium helps to relax muscles and nerves, promoting relaxation and improving sleep quality.

• Different Forms of Magnesium: Different forms of magnesium, such as magnesium citrate, magnesium glycinate, and magnesium oxide, have different absorption rates and bioavailability. Magnesium glycinate is often preferred for sleep due to its high bioavailability and gentle effect on the digestive system.

• Transdermal Magnesium: Transdermal magnesium application, such as through magnesium oil sprays or bath flakes, allows magnesium to be absorbed directly through the skin, bypassing the digestive system.

Considerations for Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters:

• Dosage: The optimal dosage of amino acids and neurotransmitters varies depending on the specific substance and the individual’s needs. It is generally recommended to start with a low dose and gradually increase it as needed.

• Potential Side Effects: Some amino acids and neurotransmitters can cause side effects such as nausea, headache, or gastrointestinal upset.

• Interactions: Amino acids and neurotransmitters may interact with certain medications. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking these supplements, especially if you are taking other medications or have underlying health conditions.

Section 5: Minerals and Vitamins: Essential Nutrients for Sleep Regulation

Certain minerals and vitamins play crucial roles in regulating sleep and wakefulness. Deficiencies in these nutrients can contribute to sleep disturbances, while supplementation may help improve sleep quality. Novel BАДы are exploring the potential of these nutrients to address specific sleep-related challenges.

Vitamin D:

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for bone health, immune function, and sleep regulation. Vitamin D receptors are found in various brain regions involved in sleep, and vitamin D deficiency has been linked to sleep disturbances.

• Vitamin D3 vs. Vitamin D2: Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the form of vitamin D that is produced in the skin in response to sunlight exposure and is generally considered more effective than vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).

• Liposomal Vitamin D: Liposomal delivery systems are being explored to improve the absorption and bioavailability of vitamin D.

Iron:

Iron is an essential mineral that is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. Iron deficiency can lead to restless legs syndrome, a condition that can significantly disrupt sleep.

• Iron Supplements: Iron supplements are available in various forms, such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and iron bisglycinate. Iron bisglycinate is often preferred due to its high bioavailability and gentle effect on the digestive system.

• Iron-Rich Diet: Consuming an iron-rich diet is also important for maintaining healthy iron levels and promoting restful sleep.

Zinc:

Zinc is an essential mineral that plays a role in immune function, wound healing, and sleep regulation. Zinc deficiency has been linked to sleep disturbances and reduced sleep quality.

• Zinc Picolinate: Zinc picolinate is a form of zinc that is highly absorbable.

• Combination with Magnesium: Zinc is often combined with magnesium in sleep-promoting supplements, as these two minerals work synergistically to promote relaxation and improve sleep quality.

B Vitamins:

B vitamins, particularly vitamin B12 and vitamin B6, are essential for nerve function and the production of neurotransmitters involved in sleep regulation. Deficiencies in these vitamins can contribute to sleep disturbances.

• Methylated B Vitamins: Methylated forms of B vitamins, such as methylcobalamin (vitamin B12) and pyridoxal-5-phosphate (vitamin B6), are readily absorbed and utilized by the body.

Considerations for Minerals and Vitamins:

• Dosage: The optimal dosage of minerals and vitamins varies depending on the specific nutrient and the individual’s needs. It is generally recommended to have your nutrient levels checked by a healthcare professional before supplementing.

• Potential Side Effects: Some minerals and vitamins can cause side effects such as nausea, constipation, or diarrhea.

• Interactions: Minerals and vitamins may interact with certain medications. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking these supplements, especially if you are taking other medications or have underlying health conditions.

Section 6: Advanced Delivery Systems: Enhancing Bioavailability and Efficacy

The bioavailability of a supplement refers to the extent to which the active ingredients are absorbed into the bloodstream and become available to exert their intended effects. Traditional supplement formulations often have limited bioavailability, which can reduce their efficacy. Novel BАДы are employing advanced delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of sleep-promoting ingredients.

Liposomes:

Liposomes are microscopic vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate and deliver various substances, including vitamins, minerals, herbal extracts, and amino acids. Liposomal delivery protects the encapsulated ingredients from degradation in the digestive tract and enhances their absorption, potentially improving their efficacy.

• Liposomal Melatonin: Liposomal melatonin is designed to improve the absorption and bioavailability of melatonin, resulting in faster onset of action and more consistent blood levels.

• Liposomal Herbal Extracts: Liposomes can be used to encapsulate herbal extracts, such as valerian root or chamomile, to protect them from degradation and enhance their absorption.

Micelles:

Micelles are microscopic clusters of amphiphilic molecules that can encapsulate and solubilize hydrophobic substances, such as curcumin or coenzyme Q10. Micelle delivery can improve the bioavailability of these substances by increasing their solubility and enhancing their absorption.

• Micellar Curcumin: Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may promote sleep. Micellar curcumin is designed to improve the bioavailability of curcumin, allowing it to exert its beneficial effects more effectively.

Nanoparticles:

Nanoparticles are particles with a size range of 1 to 100 nanometers. They can be used to deliver various substances, including drugs, vitamins, and minerals. Nanoparticles can be designed to target specific tissues or cells, enhancing their efficacy and reducing side effects.

• Nanotionmulsions: Nanoemulsions are emulsions with droplet sizes in the nanometer range. They can be used to deliver lipophilic substances, such as vitamins D and E, improving their absorption and bioavailability.

Transdermal Patches:

Transdermal patches are adhesive patches that deliver drugs or other substances through the skin and into the bloodstream. Transdermal patches offer several advantages over oral administration, including sustained release, reduced side effects, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism.

• Melatonin Patches: Transdermal melatonin patches are designed to release melatonin gradually over several hours, providing sustained elevation of melatonin levels and promoting sleep maintenance.

• Lavender Patches: Transdermal lavender patches release lavender essential oil through the skin, providing continuous exposure to its calming scent and promoting relaxation.

Considerations for Advanced Delivery Systems:

• Cost: Advanced delivery systems can be more expensive than traditional supplement formulations.

• Safety: The safety of advanced delivery systems needs to be carefully evaluated.

• Efficacy: The efficacy of advanced delivery systems should be supported by clinical studies.

Section 7: Personalized Approaches: Tailoring BАДы to Individual Needs

Sleep is a complex process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and underlying health conditions. A one-size-fits-all approach to sleep improvement is unlikely to be effective for everyone. Personalized approaches to sleep enhancement, which take into account individual needs and preferences, are becoming increasingly popular.

Genetic Testing:

Genetic testing can identify variations in genes that are involved in sleep regulation, such as genes that code for melatonin receptors, circadian rhythm genes, and genes that influence neurotransmitter production. This information can be used to personalize supplement recommendations and lifestyle modifications to optimize sleep.

• Melatonin Receptor Genes: Variations in melatonin receptor genes can influence an individual’s sensitivity to melatonin and their response to melatonin supplements.

• Circadian Rhythm Genes: Variations in circadian rhythm genes can affect an individual’s chronotype (i.e., whether they are a morning person or an evening person) and their susceptibility to circadian rhythm disruption.

• Neurotransmitter Genes: Variations in genes that influence neurotransmitter production can affect an individual’s levels of serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, which play crucial roles in sleep regulation.

Sleep Tracking:

Wearable sleep trackers and sleep apps can provide valuable information about an individual’s sleep patterns, including sleep duration, sleep stages, and sleep efficiency. This information can be used to identify specific sleep problems and to monitor the effectiveness of sleep interventions, including the use of BАДы.

• Sleep Duration: Sleep trackers can monitor the total amount of time spent sleeping each night.

• Sleep Stages: Sleep trackers can estimate the amount of time spent in each sleep stage (e.g., light sleep, deep sleep, REM sleep).

• Sleep Efficiency: Sleep trackers can calculate sleep efficiency, which is the percentage of time spent in bed that is actually spent sleeping.

Lifestyle Assessment:

A comprehensive lifestyle assessment can identify factors that may be contributing to sleep disturbances, such as stress, caffeine consumption, alcohol use, and screen time before bed. This information can be used to develop personalized recommendations for lifestyle modifications to improve sleep.

• Stress Management Techniques: Stress reduction techniques, such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises, can help reduce stress levels and improve sleep quality.

• Caffeine and Alcohol Consumption: Limiting caffeine and alcohol consumption, particularly in the evening, can help improve sleep onset and quality.

• Screen Time Before Bed: Reducing screen time before bed can help reduce exposure to blue light, which can suppress melatonin production and interfere with sleep.

Nutritional Assessment:

A nutritional assessment can identify nutrient deficiencies that may be contributing to sleep disturbances. Supplementation with specific nutrients, such as magnesium, vitamin D, or iron, may help improve sleep quality in individuals with deficiencies.

Considerations for Personalized Approaches:

• Cost: Personalized approaches to sleep enhancement can be more expensive than traditional approaches.

• Accuracy: The accuracy of genetic testing and sleep tracking devices can vary.

• Interpretation: The interpretation of genetic testing results and sleep tracking data requires expertise.

Section 8: The Future of BАДы for Sleep: Emerging Trends and Technologies

The field of BАДы for sleep is rapidly evolving, with new ingredients, formulations, and delivery systems constantly being developed. Several emerging trends and technologies hold promise for improving the efficacy and personalization of sleep interventions.

Targeted Neurotransmitter Modulation:

Future BАДы may be designed to target specific neurotransmitter pathways involved in sleep regulation with greater precision. This may involve the use of novel compounds that selectively modulate the activity of specific neurotransmitter receptors or enzymes.

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): While SSRIs are primarily used as antidepressants, some SSRIs have been shown to improve sleep quality in certain individuals.

• GABA Transaminase Inhibitors: GABA transaminase inhibitors increase GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down GABA.

Personalized Microbiome Modulation:

The gut microbiome plays a role in regulating sleep through various mechanisms, including the production of neurotransmitters and the modulation of the immune system. Future BАДы may be designed to modulate the gut microbiome to promote sleep.

• Probiotics: Probiotics are live microorganisms that can beneficially affect the gut microbiome. Certain probiotic strains have been shown to improve sleep quality in some studies.

• Prebiotics: Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut.

• Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT): FMT involves transferring fecal matter from a healthy donor to a recipient to restore a healthy gut microbiome. FMT has been shown to improve sleep quality in some individuals with gut dysbiosis.

Brain Stimulation Technologies:

Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can be used to modulate brain activity and improve sleep. These technologies may be combined with BАДы to enhance their synergistic effects.

• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): TMS uses magnetic pulses to stimulate or inhibit brain activity. TMS has been shown to improve sleep quality in individuals with insomnia.

• Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): tDCS uses a weak electrical current to stimulate or inhibit brain activity. tDCS has been shown to improve sleep quality in individuals with depression and insomnia.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML):

AI and ML algorithms can be used to analyze large datasets of sleep data and identify patterns that are associated with sleep disturbances. This information can be used to develop personalized sleep interventions and to predict an individual’s response to specific BАДы.

• AI-Powered Sleep Apps: AI-powered sleep apps can analyze sleep tracking data and provide personalized recommendations for improving sleep.

• Machine Learning Algorithms: Machine learning algorithms can be used to predict an individual’s response to specific BАДы based on their genetic profile, lifestyle factors, and sleep history.

Considerations for Future Trends:

• Ethical Considerations: The use of AI and ML in sleep interventions raises ethical considerations, such as data privacy and algorithmic bias.

• Regulatory Oversight: The regulation of new technologies and ingredients in the BАДы market needs to be carefully considered.

• Accessibility: Ensuring that personalized sleep interventions are accessible and affordable for all individuals is important.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the landscape of novel BАДы for improving sleep, highlighting emerging trends and technologies. It emphasizes the importance of personalized approaches and the need for rigorous scientific evaluation to ensure the safety and efficacy of these supplements. As the field continues to evolve, it is crucial to stay informed about the latest research and to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any new supplements.