Dietary dietary boards with chondroitin and glucosamine

Bad for joints with chondroitin and glucosamine: Full reference

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of joints of the joints

1. 1 Anatomy and joint physiology:

   • Joint types: Joints are a connection place for two or more bones. They are classified according to the degree of mobility: motionless (synartrosis), sedentary (amphiatrosis) and mobile (diartrosis). Diarthrosis, or synovial joints, are most common and provide a wide range of movements. Examples: knee, hip, shoulder, elbow.

   • The structure of the synovial joint: A typical synovial joint includes:

     • Joint surfaces of the bones: Coated with smooth hyalin cartilage.
     • Joint cartilage: Avascular fabric consisting of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (collagen, proteoglycans, non -collagen proteins). Cartilage amortizes blows, reduces friction and distributes the load on the surface of the joint.
     • The joint capsule: The fibrous shell surrounding the joint and strengthening it. It consists of the outer fibrous layer and the inner synovial layer.
     • Synovial membrane: Lines the joint capsule and produces a synovial fluid.
     • Synovial fluid: A viscous fluid lubricating the joint surfaces, providing cartilage nutrition and removes metabolism products. Contains hyaluronic acid, which gives it viscosity.
     • Blues: Strips of strong connective tissue connecting bones and stabilizing joints. They can be intra -articular (inside the capsule) or extracurricular (outside the capsule).
     • Meniski (in the knee joint): Sick -shaped cartilaginous formations that improve the congruence of the articular surfaces, depreciation and distribution of load.
     • Joint discs (in the temporomandibular joint): Perform a similar function of meniscus.
     • Tendons: Connect muscles with bones, ensuring the movement of the joint.

   • Cartilage: Cartilage consists of chondrocytes, cells producing and supporting extracellular matrix. Matrix consists mainly of type II collagen (provides tensile strength), proteoglycans (agrecan, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate; retain water and ensure elasticity) and water. The cartilage does not contain blood vessels and nerves, therefore it feeds due to diffusion from the synovial fluid and the subchondral bone.

   • Synovial fluid: Synovial fluid is blood plasma ultrafiltrate, enriched with hyaluronic acid produced by synovial cells. Hyaluronic acid gives the fluid viscosity and provides lubrication. The synovial fluid also contains cells (macrophages, leukocytes) and nutrients.

   • Joint functions: The joints provide:

     • Movement: Allow you to perform a variety of body movements.
     • Support function: Support body weight and provide stability.
     • Shock absorption: Reduce shock loads on the bones.

2. Factors affecting the health of the joints:

   • Age: With age, natural aging of the joints occurs. The cartilage becomes thinner and less elastic, the production of synovial fluid is reduced, the ligaments lose strength.

   • Injuries: Joint injuries (dislocations, stretching, fractures) can damage the cartilage, ligaments and other joint structures, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis.

   • Excessive loads: Repeating movements, weight lifting and other excessive loads can lead to cartilage wear and the development of osteoarthritis.

   • Overweight: Excessive weight increases the load on the joints, especially the knee and hip, accelerating the wear of the cartilage.

   • Sedentary lifestyle: The lack of physical activity leads to a weakening of muscles that support joints and a decrease in the nutrition of cartilage.

   • Genetic predisposition: Some people have a genetic predisposition to the development of osteoarthritis and other joint diseases.

   • Diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis and other diseases can affect joints.

   • Inal meals: The deficiency of vitamins and minerals necessary for the health of the joints (vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, vitamin C) can negatively affect their condition.

3. Joint diseases:

   • Osteoarthritis (OA): The most common joint disease, characterized by the destruction of joint cartilage. Reasons: age, injuries, overweight, genetic predisposition. Symptoms: pain, stiffness, limitation of mobility, crunch in the joint.

   • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Autoimmune disease affecting joints. The immune system attacks the synovial shell of the joints, causing inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. Symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, fatigue, fever.

   • Gout: The disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints. Symptoms: sudden severe pain, edema, redness, heat in the joint (usually a thumb of the foot).

   • Psoriatic arthritis: The form of arthritis associated with psoriasis (skin disease). Symptoms: pain, stiffness, joint swelling, skin and nail damage.

   • Bursit: Inflammation of the synovial bag (Bursa) located between bones, muscles and tendons. Symptoms: pain, edema, limitation of mobility.

   • Tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendon. Symptoms: pain, edema, soreness when moving.

   • Carpal channel syndrome: Compression of the median nerve in the carpal canal. Symptoms: pain, numbness, tingling in the fingers.

   • Inflammatory diseases of the intestine (OKK) associated arthritis: Arthritis associated with BCC, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Chapter 2: Chondroitin and glucosamine: action mechanisms and evidence of effectiveness

2. 1 Chondroitin:

   • Chemical structure and sources: Chondroitin sulfate is glycosaminoglican (GAG), consisting of repeating dysaccharide units of n -acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid. Sulfate groups are attached to these sugars. Chondroitin sulfate is obtained from the cartilage tissue of animals (cattle, pigs, birds, marine animals).

   • The mechanism of action: Chondroitin sulfate has the following actions:

     • Stimulation of the synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen with chondrocytes: Chondroitin sulfate can stimulate chondrocytes (cartilage cells) to the production of proteoglycans (in particular, agrekan) and type II collagen, the main components of the cartilage matrix.
     • Inhibition of enzymes that destroy the cartilage: Chondroitinsulfate can inhibit the activity of enzymes such as metalloproteinase (MMP) and aggracanase (Adamts), which are involved in the destruction of cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis.
     • Anti -inflammatory action: Chondroitinsulfate can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a factor in alpha tumor (TNF-α)), thereby reducing inflammation in the joint.
     • Improving cartilage hydration: Chondroitin sulfate is a hygroscopic substance, that is, it holds water. This can improve hydration of cartilage and its elasticity.
     • Stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis: Chondroitin sulfate can stimulate synthesis of hyaluronic acid with synoviocytes, improving the viscosity of synovial fluid.
     • Decrease in bone resorption: Some studies show that chondroitin sulfate can slow down bone resorption in the subchondral region (bone tissue under the cartilage).

   • Evidence of effectiveness:

     • Clinical research: Many clinical studies studied the effectiveness of chondroitin sulfate in osteoarthritis. Research results are ambiguous. Some studies show that chondroitin sulfate can reduce pain, stiffness and improve the function of the joints with osteoarthritis of the knee and hip joints. Other studies have not revealed a significant effect.
     • Meta analysis: Meta analyzes (combine the results of several studies) also gave conflicting results. Some meta-analyzes show that chondroitin sulfate can be effective in reducing pain in osteoarthritis, especially with prolonged use. Other meta-analyzes do not confirm these conclusions.
     • Criticism of research: It is important to consider that the quality of research of chondroitin sulfate varies. Some studies were small, had disadvantages in design or used different forms of chondroitin sulfate and different dosages. In addition, some studies were financed by chondroitin sulfate producers, which could affect the results.
     • ESCEO (European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoarthritis) рекомендации: ESCEO recommends symptomatic slowly acting drugs for the treatment of osteoarthritis (Sysadoa), including chondroitin sulfate (pharmaceutical quality), as one of the treatment options.

3. 2 Glucosamine:

   • Chemical structure and sources: Glucosamine is an aminosahar, which is the predecessor of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), the main components of the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid. Glucosamine is usually obtained from crooked crooked (shrimp, crabs, lobsters). There is also vegetarian glucosamine obtained from fermented cereals.

   • The mechanism of action: Glucosamine has the following actions:

     • Stimulation of the synthesis of GAG and proteoglycans: Glucosamine is a building block for the synthesis of the GAG, such as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid. It can stimulate chondrocytes to develop these substances, contributing to the restoration of cartilage matrix.
     • Anti -inflammatory action: Glucosamine can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and other inflammation mediators.
     • Stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis: Glucosamine can stimulate the synthesis of hyaluronic acid with synoviocytes, improving the viscosity of synovial fluid and the lubrication of the joint.
     • Reducing the activity of enzymes destroying cartilage: Glucosamine can inhibit the activity of some enzymes that destroy cartilage, such as metal proproteinase (MMP).

   • Evidence of effectiveness:

     • Clinical research: As in the case of chondroitin sulfate, the results of clinical studies of glucosamine in osteoarthritis are ambiguous. Some studies have shown that glucosamine can reduce pain, stiffness and improve joint function, especially with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Other studies have not revealed a significant effect.
     • Meta analysis: Glucosamine meta-analyzes also gave conflicting results. Some meta-analyzes have shown that glucosamine can be effective in reducing pain in osteoarthritis, while other meta analyzes do not confirm these conclusions. It is important to note that some meta-analyzes have shown that glucosamine sulfate (the form of glucosamine associated with a sulfate group) can be more effective than glucoseamin hydrochloride.
     • Criticism of research: The quality of glucosamine studies also varies. Some studies were small, had disadvantages in design or used different forms of glucosamine and different dosages. In addition, some studies were financed by glucosamine manufacturers, which could affect the results.
     • GAIT (Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial): A major study by the Gait, conducted by the national health institutions of the United States, showed that glucosamine and chondroitin were not more effective than placebo in reducing pain in osteoarthritis of the knee joint as a whole. However, the subgroup of patients with moderate and severe pain showed some improvement when taking glucosamine and chondroitin.

4. 3 Combination chondroitin and glucosamine:

   • Synergetic effect: It is assumed that a combination of chondroitin and glucosamine can have a synergistic effect, that is, their joint action can be more effective than the action of each substance separately. Chondroitinfate can inhibit enzymes that destroy cartilage, and glucosamine can stimulate the synthesis of new components of cartilage matrix.

   • Evidence of effectiveness:

     • Clinical research: Some clinical studies have shown that the combination of chondroitin and glucosamine can be more effective than placebo or each drug separately, in reducing pain, stiffness and improving the function of joints with osteoarthritis. Other studies have not revealed significant differences between the combination and placebo.
     • Gait Research: As mentioned earlier, Gait has shown that the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin was not more effective than a placebo, in general, but a subgroup of patients with moderate and severe pain showed some improvement.

5. 4 Conclusions about efficiency:

   • To date, scientific evidence of the effectiveness of chondroitin and glucosamine in osteoarthritis remain ambiguous. Some studies show that they can be useful to reduce pain and improve joint function, especially with prolonged use and in patients with moderate and severe osteoarthritis. Other studies have not revealed a significant effect.
   • It is important to note that the quality of research varies, and some studies have disadvantages.
   • Further studies are needed to determine which patients can get the greatest benefits from taking chondroitin and glucosamine, and what dosages and forms of these substances are the most effective.
   • It is important to consult a doctor before taking chondroitin and glucosamine in order to discuss potential risks and benefits, as well as other options for treating osteoarthritis.

Chapter 3: Choice of dietary supplements with chondroitin and glucosamine: Quality and safety criteria

3. 1 Forms of chondroitin and glucosamine:

   • Glucosamine:
     • Glucosamine sulfate: It is considered a more bio -access form than glucosamine hydrochloride. Some studies show that glucosamine sulfate can be more effective in reducing pain in osteoarthritis.
     • Glucosamine hydrochloride: The cheaper form of glucosamine. Less studied than glucosamine sulfate.
   • Chondroitin:
     • Chondroitin sulfate A: The most common and studied form of chondroitin.
     • Hondroitin sulfate C: Another form of chondroitin, less studied.

4. 2 Dosage:

   • Glucosamine: It is usually recommended 1,500 mg per day, divided into several tricks.
   • Chondroitin: It is usually recommended 800-1200 mg per day, divided into several receptions.
   • Individual variability: The dosage can vary depending on the severity of osteoarthritis and the individual characteristics of the patient. It is important to consult a doctor to determine the optimal dosage.

5. 3 Quality and cleanliness product:

   • Forter certificates: Look for dietary supplements that have third -party certificates from independent organizations, such as NSF International, USP (United States Pharmacopeia) or Consumerlab.com. These organizations test the products for compliance with the declared composition, the absence of pollutants and compliance with quality standards.
   • Manufacturer: Choose dietary supplements from famous and reliable manufacturers who have a good reputation and use high -quality raw materials.
   • Information on the label: Read the product label carefully. The label should indicate an accurate dosage of glucosamine and chondroitin, the shape of these substances, ingredients, information about the manufacturer, expiration date and other important information.
   • Checking for the content of heavy metals: Make sure that the product is checked for the content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic), especially if glucosamine is obtained from crustaceans.

6. 4 Composition and ingredients:

   • Additional ingredients: Some dietary supplements with chondroitin and glucosamine contain additional ingredients, such as:
     • MSM (methyl sulfonylmetatan): The source of sulfur, which is important for the health of the cartilage. MSM has anti -inflammatory properties.
     • Hyaluronic acid: The component of the synovial fluid provides the lubrication of the joint.
     • Collagen: The main protein is cartilage.
     • Vitamin D: It is important for the health of bones and joints.
     • Manganese: It is necessary for the synthesis of cartilage.
     • Boswellion Serrat (Fighty Tree): Plant extract with anti -inflammatory properties.
     • Kurkumin (from turmeric): It has anti -inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
     • Vitamin C: Antioxidant is necessary for collagen synthesis.
   • Allergens: Carefully check the list of ingredients for allergens, such as crustaceans (if glucosamine is obtained from crustaceans), soy, gluten and others.

7. 5 Output form:

   • Capsules: Convenient form of release.
   • Tablets: There can be larger than capsules.
   • Powder: You can mix with water or juice.
   • Liquid: It is convenient for people who experience difficulties with swallowing tablets or capsules.

8. 6 Price:

   • The quality does not always correspond to the price: Higher price does not always mean the best quality. Compare the products of different manufacturers, pay attention to the composition, dosage and availability of third -party certificates.

9. 7 Side effects and contraindications:

   • Side effects: Chondroitin and glucosamine are usually well tolerated, but some people may have side effects, such as:
     • Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, bloating.
     • Headache.
     • Allergic reactions: Raw, itching, swelling.
   • Contraindications:
     • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: It is not recommended to take chondroitin and glucosamine during pregnancy and breastfeeding, since there are no sufficient data about their safety in these periods.
     • Seafood allergies (crustaceans): People with allergies to seafood should avoid taking glucosamine obtained from crustaceans.
     • Blood coagulation or taking anticoagulants: Chondroitin can have an anticoagulant effect, so people with blood coagulation or taking anticoagulants (for example, warfarin) should consult a doctor before taking chondroitin and glucosamine.
     • Diabetes sugar: Glucosamine can affect the level of glucose in the blood, so people with diabetes should control the level of glucose in the blood when taking glucosamine.
     • Asthma: Cases of exacerbation of asthma were reported when taking glucosamine.

Chapter 4: Other additives and joint health strategies

9. 1 MSM (methyl sulfonylmetatan):

   • The mechanism of action: MSM is a source of sulfur, which is important for the synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, the main components of the cartilage matrix. MSM has anti -inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

   • Evidence of effectiveness: Some studies have shown that MSM can reduce pain and improve joint function with osteoarthritis.

10. 2 Hyaluronic acid:

    • The mechanism of action: Hyaluronic acid is the main component of the synovial fluid, which lubricates the articular surfaces and provides cartilage. The intake of hyaluronic acid can improve the viscosity of the synovial fluid and reduce friction in the joint.

    • Forms of application:

      • Oborel additives: Hyaluronic acid can be taken in the form of capsules or tablets.
      • Hyaluronic acid injections: Injections of hyaluronic acid are introduced directly into the joint (for example, the knee joint) to improve lubrication and reduce pain.

    • Evidence of effectiveness: Some studies have shown that the oral intake of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid injections can reduce the pain and improve the joint function with osteoarthritis of the knee joint.

11. 3 Collagen:

    • The mechanism of action: Collagen is the main protein of cartilage. Reception of collagen can provide building blocks to restore the cartilage matrix.

    • Types of collagen:

      • Type II collagen: The main type of collagen contained in the cartilage.
      • Type I collagen: Contained in the skin, bones and tendons.

    • Evidence of effectiveness: Some studies have shown that the intake of type II collagen can reduce pain and improve the joint function with osteoarthritis.

12. 4 Omega-3 fatty acids:

    • The mechanism of action: Omega-3 fatty acids (EPK and DGK) have anti-inflammatory properties. They can reduce the production of pro -inflammatory cytokines and reduce inflammation in the joints.

    • Sources: Fish oil, linseed oil, chia seeds, walnuts.

    • Evidence of effectiveness: Some studies have shown that the intake of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce pain and constraint with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

13. 5 Vitamin D:

    • The mechanism of action: Vitamin D is important for the health of bones and joints. It contributes to the absorption of calcium and maintaining the normal bone density. Vitamin D deficiency can increase the risk of osteoarthritis and other joint diseases.

    • Sources: Sunlight, oily fish, egg yolks, enriched products.

    • Evidence of effectiveness: Some studies have shown that the intake of vitamin D can reduce pain and improve the function of the joints with osteoarthritis in people with vitamin D.

14. 6 Boswellion Serrat (Fighty Tree):

    • The mechanism of action: The Boswellium of Serrat contains bosvelic acids that have anti -inflammatory properties. They can inhibit an enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which is involved in the synthesis of leukotrienes, inflammation mediators.

    • Evidence of effectiveness: Some studies have shown that Serrat’s Boswellial extract can reduce pain and improve joint function with osteoarthritis.

15. 7 Kurkumin (from turmeric):

    • The mechanism of action: Kurkumin has anti -inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It can inhibit the production of pro -inflammatory cytokines and protect the cells from damage by free radicals.

    • Evidence of effectiveness: Some studies have shown that curcumin can reduce pain and improve joint function with osteoarthritis.

16. 8 Diet:

    • Anti -inflammatory diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, fish and healthy fats can help reduce joint inflammation. Limit the consumption of processed products, sugar, red meat and other products that can increase inflammation.
    • Maintaining a healthy weight: Weight reduction can reduce the load on the joints and slow down the progression of osteoarthritis.

17. 9 Exercise:

    • Exercises for strengthening muscles: Exercises aimed at strengthening muscles that support joints (for example, hip muscles and knee with osteoarthritis of the knee joint) can improve joint stability and reduce pain.
    • Aerobic exercises: Aerobic exercises (for example, walking, swimming, cycling) can improve blood circulation in the joints and reduce weight.
    • Exercises for stretching: Stretching exercises can improve the flexibility and mobility of the joints.
    • It is important to consult with a physiotherapist or other specialist in order to develop an individual exercise program suitable for your condition.

18. 10 Physiotherapy:

    • Physiotherapy can help reduce pain, improve joint function and teach you the right movement techniques.

19. 11 Alternative treatment methods:

    • Acupuncture: Some studies have shown that acupuncture can reduce pain in osteoarthritis.
    • Massage: Massage can help relax muscles and reduce pain.

Chapter 5: Integrative approach to joint health

20. 1 Consultation with a doctor:

    • Before taking dietary supplements with chondroitin and glucosamine or other joints for joint health, it is important to consult a doctor. The doctor can evaluate your condition, make a diagnosis, exclude other diseases and recommend the most suitable treatment plan.

21. 2 Complex approach:

    • The most effective approach to the treatment of joint diseases is an integrated approach that includes:
      • Drug therapy (if necessary): Anesthetic drugs, anti -inflammatory drugs, chondroprotectors, hyaluronic acid injections.
      • Bades and additives: Chondroitin, glucosamine, MSM, hyaluronic acid, collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, Boswellion Serrat, Kurkumin.
      • Diet: Anti -inflammatory diet, maintaining a healthy weight.
      • Exercise: Exercises for strengthening muscles, aerobic exercises, stretching exercises.
      • Physiotherapy.
      • Alternative treatment methods (if necessary): Acupuncture, massage.

22. 3 Personalized approach:

    • The treatment plan should be developed taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient, the severity of the disease, the presence of concomitant diseases and other factors.

23. 4 Monitoring and adjustment:

    • It is important to regularly monitor the effectiveness of treatment and adjust the treatment plan if necessary.

24. 5 Education and self -help:

    • Patients should be formed about their disease and actively participate in the treatment process. They should know about available treatment options, side effects of drugs and other self -help methods.

Chapter 6: Research and Prospects

25. 1 New research:

    • Studies on the study of the effectiveness of chondroitin and glucosamine, as well as other joints for joint health, continue. New studies study the mechanisms of the action of these substances, determine which patients can get the greatest benefits from their intake, and examine new forms and dosage of these substances.

26. 2 New methods of treatment:

    • New methods of treating joint diseases are being developed, such as:
      • Gene therapy: It is aimed at restoring damaged cartilage using genetic engineering.
      • Cell therapy: The use of stem cells to restore cartilage.
      • Biomaterials: Development of new materials to replace damaged cartilage.

27. 3 Prevention:

    • The prevention of joint diseases is important. Prevention measures include:
      • Maintaining a healthy weight.
      • Regular physical exercises.
      • Healthy diet.
      • Prevention of injuries.
      • Timely treatment of joint diseases.

This detailed article provides a comprehensive overview of chondroitin and glucosamine supplements for joint health. It delves into the anatomy and physiology of joints, the mechanisms of action of these supplements, the evidence for their effectiveness, and factors to consider when choosing a supplement. Furthermore, it explores other supplements and strategies for joint health, including diet, exercise, and alternative therapies. The article emphasizes the importance of consulting with a healthcare professional and adopting a comprehensive approach to managing joint health. It avoids making conclusive statements about the definitive efficacy of these supplements, highlighting the ongoing debate and the need for further research.