How dietary supplements affect the level of testosterone: analysis

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How dietary supplements affect the level of testosterone: analysis

I. Testosterone: Foundations

  • A. What is testosterone?

    Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, androgen, which plays a key role in the development and maintenance of male physiological characteristics. It is synthesized mainly in the cells of the leidig eggs in men and to a lesser extent in ovaries and adrenal glands in women. Chemically, testosterone is a steroid hormone, a derivative of cholesterol. It belongs to the group C-19 steroids that differ from the C-18 estrogens by the presence of a methyl group in the 19th position.

    The main functions of testosterone are due to its effect on various body tissues through androgen receptors. These receptors are in many types of cells, including muscles, bones, brain and genitals. When binding testosterone with an androgenic receptor, an intracellular signaling route cascade is launched, which lead to a change in genes expression and, as a result, to changes in the cell function.

    In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty, such as hair growth on the face and body, increasing muscle mass, deepening the voice and the development of the genitals. During the adulthood, testosterone is necessary to maintain libido, erectile function, bone density, muscle mass and strength, as well as for sperm production. It also affects mood, cognitive functions and energy levels.

    In women, testosterone is present in much less concentrations than in men, but it also plays an important role. It promotes muscle growth, bone density and libido. However, an excess of testosterone in women can lead to the development of masculinizing effects, such as acne, hirsutism (excess hair growth) and a violation of the menstrual cycle.

    The synthesis of testosterone is regulated by a complex endocrine system, including a hypothalamus, pituitary gland and testicles (or ovaries and adrenal glands). The hypothalamus emits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRG), which stimulates the pituitary gland to the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH, in turn, stimulates Leydig’s cells in testicles to the synthesis of testosterone. Testosterone provides negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, inhibiting the release of GNRH and LH, which allows maintaining testosterone levels in a narrow range.

    The level of testosterone in the blood is subject to daily fluctuations, reaching the peak in the morning and decreasing during the day. With age, the level of testosterone in men is gradually reduced, which can lead to the development of symptoms of hypogonadism, such as a decrease in libido, fatigue, muscle weight and an increase in fat mass. Various factors, such as obesity, stress, chronic diseases and taking certain drugs, can also affect the level of testosterone.

  • B. Normal level of testosterone.

    The normal level of testosterone in men varies depending on the age, laboratory and the measurement method used. However, in general, the normal range of general testosterone in men is from about 300 to 1000 ng/dl (nanograms per deciliter) or from 10.4 to 34.7 nmol/l (nanomol per liter). It is important to note that these are only indicative values, and the optimal level of testosterone for a particular person can be individual.

    In women, the normal level of general testosterone is much lower than in men, and usually from 15 to 70 ng/dl (0.52 to 2.43 nmol/l). The level of testosterone in women can also vary depending on age, menstrual cycle and other factors.

    In addition to general testosterone, it is also important to measure the level of free testosterone, which is a testosterone fraction, not associated with blood proteins, such as globulin, connecting sex hormones (GSPG), and albumin. Free testosterone is a biologically active form of the hormone, which can interact with androgenic receptors in the tissues. The normal level of free testosterone in men is usually from 50 to 210 pg/ml (picograms per milliliter), and in women – from 0.3 to 1.9 pg/ml.

    When interpreting the results of analysis on testosterone, it is important to take into account the patient’s age, clinical symptoms and other factors. The level of testosterone, which is within the normal range, can be insufficient for a particular person if he experiences symptoms of hypogonadism. Conversely, the level of testosterone, located outside the normal range, does not always indicate the presence of the disease.

    Reducing the level of testosterone with age is a normal physiological process called age -related hypogonadism or late hypogonadism. However, a significant decrease in the level of testosterone can lead to the development of various symptoms, such as a decrease in libido, fatigue, loss of muscle mass, an increase in fat mass, depression and impaired cognitive functions.

    In such cases, replacement therapy with testosterone (ZTT) can be considered, which involves the introduction of testosterone into the body to restore the normal level of the hormone. ZTT can be effective for alleviating the symptoms of hypogonadism, but it can also have side effects, such as acne, fluid retention, increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and increase the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, the decision on the appointment of ZTT should be made individually on the basis of a thorough assessment of risks and advantages.

    To maintain the normal level of testosterone, a healthy lifestyle is important, including regular physical exercises, a balanced diet and sufficient sleep. Avoiding stress, alcohol abuse and smoking can also contribute to maintaining the optimal level of testosterone.

  • C. Factors affecting testosterone levels.

    The level of testosterone in the body is affected by many factors, both physiological and external. Understanding these factors is extremely important for maintaining the optimal hormonal balance and overall health.

    1. Age: One of the most significant factors is age. In men, the level of testosterone usually reaches a peak aged 20-30 years, after which it begins to gradually decrease by about 1-2% per year. This is a natural process called age -related hypogonadism. In women, the level of testosterone also decreases with age, especially after menopause.

    2. Genetics: A genetic predisposition plays a certain role in determining the basic level of testosterone. Some people are genetically predisposed to a higher or low level of testosterone. Genes involved in the synthesis of testosterone, metabolism and activity of androgen receptors can affect the level of the hormone.

    3. Health status: Various diseases and conditions can affect the level of testosterone.

    • Hypogonadism: This is a state characterized by insufficient production of testosterone with testicles (in men) or ovaries (in women). It can be primary (related to problems in the genital glands) or secondary (associated with problems in the pituitary or hypothalamus).
    • Obesity: Excessive weight, especially in the abdomen, is associated with a lower level of testosterone. Fat tissue contains an enzyme aromatase that turns testosterone into estrogen.
    • Type 2 diabetes: Insulin resistance and high blood sugar, characteristic of type 2 diabetes, can reduce testosterone levels.
    • Metabolic syndrome: The combination of obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar and high levels of triglycerides is associated with a lower level of testosterone.
    • Chronic diseases: Chronic diseases, such as kidney diseases, liver diseases, HIV/AIDS and cancer, can affect testosterone levels.
    • Infections: Some infections, such as orchitis (pickers), can damage the testicles and reduce testosterone production.

    4. Medicines: Some drugs can affect testosterone levels.

    • Opioid analgesics: Long -term use of opioids can reduce testosterone levels.
    • Corticosteroids: Long -term use of corticosteroids can reduce testosterone levels.
    • Anabolic steroid: Exogenous introduction of anabolic steroids can suppress the natural production of testosterone.
    • Antidepressants: Some antidepressants, such as selective inhibitors of the reverse capture of serotonin (SIOOS), can reduce testosterone levels.
    • Preparations for the treatment of prostate gland: Some drugs used to treat the prostate increase, such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, can reduce testosterone levels.

    5. Life: Life lifestyle factors play an important role in the regulation of testosterone levels.

    • Nutrition: A balanced diet, rich in protein, useful fats and complex carbohydrates, is necessary to maintain the optimal level of testosterone. The deficiency of zinc, vitamin D and other nutrients can reduce testosterone levels.
    • Physical activity: Regular physical exercises, especially strength training, can increase testosterone levels.
    • Dream: A sufficient sleep (7-8 hours a day) is necessary to maintain the optimal level of testosterone. A lack of sleep can reduce testosterone levels.
    • Stress: Chronic stress can increase the level of cortisol, stress hormone, which can suppress testosterone production.
    • Alcohol: Alcohol abuse can reduce testosterone levels.
    • Smoking: Smoking can reduce testosterone levels.

    6. Environmental impact: The effect of certain chemicals and toxins in the environment can affect the level of testosterone.

    • Endocrine destroyers: These are chemicals that can simulate or block the effect of hormones in the body. They can be contained in plastic, pesticides and other industrial products.
    • Heavy metals: The effect of heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, can reduce testosterone levels.

    The understanding of these factors affecting the level of testosterone allows us to make reasonable decisions to maintain a healthy lifestyle and consult a doctor in a timely manner if hormonal imbalance is suspected. Regular medical examinations and blood tests can help control the level of testosterone and identify potential problems at an early stage.

II. Bad and testosterone: General review

  • A. What are dietary supplements? Definition and classification.

    Biologically active food additives (dietary supplements) are concentrates of natural or identical to natural biologically active substances, designed for direct intake with food or introduction into food products in order to enrich the diet with individual food or biologically active substances and their complexes, as well as to reduce the risk of diseases and strengthen health. Bades are not drugs and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. They are additives to food and should be used in addition to a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

    Classification of dietary supplements can be based on various criteria, including the composition, form of release and the purpose of application.

    1. By composition:

    • Vitamin-mineral complexes: Contain combinations of vitamins and minerals necessary for the normal functioning of the body. They can be intended for the general promotion of health or to satisfy specific needs, such as pregnancy, breastfeeding or elderly.
    • Plant extracts and herbs: Contain extracts of plants or herbs that have certain biologically active properties. They can be used for various purposes, such as improving digestion, strengthening immunity or increasing energy.
    • Amino acids: Contain amino acids that are building proteins. They can be used to improve sports results, increase muscle mass or recovery after injuries.
    • Probiotics and prebiotics: Probiotics contain living microorganisms that are beneficial for health in sufficient quantities. Prebiotics are substances that contribute to the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. They can be used to improve digestion, strengthen immunity and maintain intestinal health.
    • Fatty acids: Contain fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are important for the health of the heart, brain and other organs.
    • Enzymes: They contain enzymes that help break down food and improve digestion.
    • Other biologically active substances: May contain other biologically active substances, such as Q10 coenzyme, creatine or glucosamine.

    2. In the form of release:

    • Tablets and capsules: The most common forms of dietary supplement production. They are convenient to use and allow you to accurately dose active substances.
    • Powders: Can be added to drinks or food. They can be convenient for people who experience difficulties with swallowing tablets or capsules.
    • Liquids: Can be in the form of solutions, drops or syrups. They can be convenient for children or people who experience difficulties with swallowing solid forms of release.
    • Bars and gels: It can be convenient for athletes or people leading an active lifestyle.

    3. For the purpose of application:

    • General strengthening dietary supplements: Designed for general strengthening health and maintaining the normal functioning of the body.
    • Specialized dietary supplements: Designed to solve specific health problems, such as improving digestion, strengthening immunity or increasing energy.
    • Sports dietary supplement: Designed to improve sports results, increase muscle mass or recovery after training.
    • Dietary diets for weight loss: Designed to reduce weight and maintain healthy weight.

    It is important to remember that dietary supplements are not a replacement for a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. Before taking dietary supplements, you need to consult a doctor, especially if you have any diseases or take any drugs. It is also necessary to carefully read the label and observe the recommended dosages. Some dietary supplements can interact with drugs or have side effects.

  • B. The mechanisms of the possible influence of dietary supplements on testosterone.

    The influence of biologically active additives (dietary supplements) on testosterone levels is a complex and multifaceted theme, depending on the composition of the dietary supplement, the dosage, the individual characteristics of the body and other factors. Some dietary supplements can have a positive effect on testosterone levels, while others may not have any effect or even reduce it. The mechanisms through which dietary supplements can affect the level of testosterone, include:

    1. Stimulation of the production of luteinizing hormone (LH): LH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates Lydig’s cells in testicles to the synthesis of testosterone. Some dietary supplements can stimulate LH production, thereby increasing the level of testosterone. For example, some plant extracts, such as tribulus terrestris, allegedly have the ability to stimulate LH production. However, scientific data on the effectiveness of the tribulus of the terrestris regarding the increase in testosterone levels are contradictory.

    2. Inhibition of aromatase: Aromatase is an enzyme that turns testosterone into estrogen. Inhibition of aromatase can lead to an increase in testosterone levels and a decrease in estrogen levels. Some dietary supplements, such as resveratrol and dyindolilmethane (DIM), have antiromate activity and can potentially increase testosterone levels.

    3. Improving the level of globulin connecting sex hormones (GSPG): GSPG is a protein that connects testosterone in the blood, making it less biologically active. Some dietary supplements can reduce the level of GSPG, thereby increasing the level of free testosterone, which is a biologically active form of the hormone.

    4. Improving the health of the testicles: Some dietary supplements can improve the health of the testicles, providing them with the necessary nutrients and antioxidants. This can lead to an increase in testosterone production. For example, zinc is an important mineral for the health of the testicles, and its deficiency can lead to a decrease in testosterone levels.

    5. Reducing the level of cortisol: Cortisol is a stress hormone that can suppress the production of testosterone. Some dietary supplements, such as Ashvaganda, have adaptogenic properties and can help reduce the level of cortisol, thereby contributing to an increase in testosterone levels.

    6. Improving insulin sensitivity: Insulin resistance is associated with a lower level of testosterone. Some dietary supplements, such as chrome and berberin, can improve insulin sensitivity, thereby contributing to increasing testosterone levels.

    7. Providing the necessary nutrients: Some dietary supplements contain nutrients that are necessary for the synthesis of testosterone, such as zinc, vitamin D and magnesium. The deficiency of these nutrients can lead to a decrease in testosterone levels.

    It is important to note that scientific data on the effectiveness of many dietary supplements regarding the increase in testosterone levels are limited and contradictory. Most studies were conducted in small samples and did not always meet high standards of scientific research. Therefore, before taking any dietary supplements to increase the level of testosterone, you need to consult a doctor and carefully evaluate the risks and advantages. It is also important to understand that dietary supplements are not a replacement for a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular physical exercises and sufficient sleep.

  • C. Regulation and quality control of dietary supplements.

    Regulation and quality control of biologically active additives (dietary supplements) are important aspects of ensuring the safety and efficiency of these products. In different countries, there are various systems for regulation of dietary supplements that differ in severity and requirements. In general, the regulation of dietary supplements is aimed at protecting consumers from poor -quality products, falsification and misleading information.

    1. Russia: In Russia, the regulation of dietary supplements is carried out by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor). Bades are subject to state registration, which includes checking the composition, safety and efficiency of the product. Dad manufacturers are required to provide information about the composition, indications and contraindications for use, as well as possible side effects. Rospotrebnadzor also controls the quality of dietary supplements, conducting laboratory research of products. Requirements for the production and labeling of dietary supplements are established by the technical regulations of the Customs Union.

    2. USA: In the United States, dietary supplement regulation is carried out by products control controls (FDA). Unlike medicines, dietary supplements are not subject to preliminary approval of the FDA. However, dietary supplement manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety of their products. FDA may take measures against dietary supplements that pose a threat to consumer health or contain false information. Dad manufacturers must comply with the rules of appropriate production practice (GMP), which establish the requirements for the production, packaging and storage of dietary supplements. FDA also conducts inspections of enterprises producing dietary supplements and tracks reports of side effects.

    3. European Union: In the European Union, the regulation of dietary supplements is carried out at the level of individual member countries. However, there are general rules established by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA). EFSA assesses the safety and effectiveness of individual dietary supplements. Dad manufacturers must provide information about the composition, indications and contraindications for use, as well as possible side effects. Some EU member countries require pre-registration of dietary supplements.

    4. Quality control of dietary supplements: Quality control of dietary supplements includes checking the following parameters:

    • Composition: Checking the compliance of the composition of the dietary supplement declared on the label.
    • Purity: Checking the absence of harmful impurities in the dietary supplement, such as heavy metals, pesticides and microorganisms.
    • Activity: Checking the content of active substances in the dietary supplement and their biological activity.
    • Stability: Checking the stability of dietary supplements during storage and transportation.

    Quality control of dietary supplements can be carried out by both manufacturers and independent laboratories. Some dietary supplements receive certificates of conformity with international quality standards, such as ISO 9001 and GMP.

    5. Responsibility of consumers: Consumers are also responsible for the choice of high -quality and safe dietary supplements. When choosing dietary supplements, it is recommended to pay attention to the following factors:

    • Reputation manufacturer: Choose dietary supplements from famous and reliable manufacturers.
    • Availability of quality certificates: Pay attention to the availability of certificates of compliance with international quality standards.
    • Composition: Carefully study the composition of the dietary supplement and make sure that it does not contain harmful ingredients.
    • Information on the label: Make sure that the label indicates complete and reliable information about the composition, indications and contraindications for use, as well as possible side effects.
    • Consultation with a doctor: Before taking dietary supplements, consult a doctor, especially if you have any diseases or take any drugs.

    In conclusion, the regulation and quality control of dietary supplements are important aspects of ensuring the safety and efficiency of these products. Consumers are also responsible for the choice of high -quality and safe dietary supplements.

III. The most popular dietary supplement and their impact on testosterone

  • A. Tribulus Terrestris (Tribulus Terrestris).

    Tribulus Terrestris (Tribulus Terrestris) is a herbaceous plant that grows in various regions of the world, including the Mediterranean, Asia, Africa and Australia. It is traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases, such as erectile dysfunction, infertility and a decrease in libido. In recent years, Tertrix tribulus has become popular as a biologically active additive (BAD) to increase testosterone levels, improve sports results and increase muscle mass.

    1. Sostal Tribulus Terrestris:

    Tertrix tribulus contains various biologically active compounds, including:

    • Saponins: These are the main active components of the tribulus of TERRESTRES, which are believed to be responsible for its alleged effects to testosterone levels. The most important saponin is protooscin.
    • Flavonoids: These are antioxidants that can protect cells from damage to free radicals.
    • Alkaloids: These are organic compounds that can have various pharmacological effects.
    • Phytosterols: These are plant sterols that can reduce blood cholesterol.

    2. The mechanism of action:

    The mechanism of action of the tribulus terrestrates at the level of testosterone has not been fully studied. It is assumed that the saponins contained in the tribulus of the terrestris can stimulate the production of luteinizing hormone (LH), which, in turn, stimulates Leydig’s cells in testicles to the synthesis of testosterone. However, scientific data on this mechanism of action are contradictory. Some studies have shown that Tertrix tribulus does not have a significant effect on the level of LH or testosterone in men.

    3. Studies of influence on testosterone levels:

    Scientific studies of the influence of the tribulus terrestris on the level of testosterone gave conflicting results.

    • Studies showing a positive effect: Some studies have shown that tribulus terrestrates can increase testosterone levels in men with low testosterone levels or with erectile dysfunction. For example, in one study it was shown that Tertrix tribulus increases testosterone levels and improves sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction.
    • Studies that do not show a positive effect: Many studies have not revealed the significant influence of the tribulus of T T T T T runs on the level of testosterone in healthy men with a normal level of testosterone. For example, in one study it was shown that Tertrix tribulus does not affect the level of testosterone, muscle strength or body composition of trained men.

    4. Other alleged effects:

    In addition to increasing testosterone levels, other effects are attributed to the tribulus T T T T T Turera, such as:

    • Libido improvement: Some studies have shown that tribulus terrestrates can improve libido in men and women.
    • Improving sports results: Some athletes use tribulus terrestrates to improve sports results, but scientific data on this effect are limited.
    • Reducing blood sugar: Some studies have shown that Tertrix tribulus can reduce blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.
    • Reduced blood pressure: Some studies have shown that tribulus terrestrates can reduce blood pressure in people with hypertension.

    5. Side effects and contraindications:

    Toltris tribulus is usually considered safe when used in recommended doses. However, some people may have side effects, such as:

    • Disorder of the gastrointestinal tract: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.
    • Allergic reactions: Skin rash, itching or urticaria.
    • The increase in the prostate gland: Tertrix tribulus can aggravate the symptoms of an increase in the prostate gland.

    TRIBULUS TERRISTRISI Contraindicated in:

    • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Toltris tribulus can be harmful to the fetus or baby.
    • Prostate cancer: Toltris tribulus can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells.
    • Taking medications: Tertrix tribulus can interact with some drugs such as anticoagulants and antidiabetic drugs.

    6. Recommendations for use:

    The recommended dose of the tribulus terrestris varies depending on the product and the purpose of use. It is usually recommended to take from 250 to 1500 mg per day, divided into several receptions. Before using the tribulus, Terright must consult a doctor.

    7. Conclusion:

    Tribulus Terrytris is a popular dietary supplement, which is supposed to increase testosterone levels, improve libido and improve sports results. However, the scientific data on the effectiveness of the tribulus Terrytris are contradictory. Some studies have shown that Tertrix tribulus can have a positive effect on testosterone levels, while other studies have not revealed a significant effect. Toltris tribulus is usually considered safe when used in recommended doses, but some people may have side effects. Before using the tribulus, Terright must consult a doctor.

  • B. D-Asparaginic acid (D-ASPARTIC ACID).

    D-Acparaginic acid (D-ASPARTIC ACID, DAA) is an amino acid that plays a role in the endocrine system and nervous system. Unlike L-asparaginic acid, which is a more common form, the DAA is present in smaller quantities in the body, but plays an important role in the regulation of hormones, especially testosterone.

    1. The mechanism of action:

    The main mechanism of action of the DAA associated with testosterone is its effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. DAA stimulates the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRG) in the hypothalamus. Grg, in turn, stimulates the pituitary gland to the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates Lydig’s cells in testicles to the synthesis of testosterone. FSG, in turn, affects spermatogenesis.

    In addition, the DAA can directly affect the testicles, stimulating the synthesis of testosterone and other hormones. Some studies have shown that the DAA can increase the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the testicles that are involved in the synthesis of testosterone.

    2. Studies of influence on testosterone levels:

    Numerous studies studied the influence of DAA on testosterone levels in men. The results of these studies are ambiguous and depend on various factors, such as age, health and dosage DAA.

    • Studies showing a positive effect: Some studies have shown that DAA can increase testosterone levels in men with a low level of testosterone or in men playing sports. For example, in one study it was shown that taking 3 grams of DAA per day for 12 days increases the level of testosterone by 42% in men with a low level of testosterone. Other studies have shown that DAA can improve the strength and muscle mass in athletes.
    • Studies that do not show a positive effect: Many studies have not revealed a significant influence of DAA on testosterone levels in healthy men with a normal level of testosterone. For example, in one study it was shown that taking 6 grams of DAA per day for 28 days does not affect the level of testosterone, muscle strength or body composition of trained men. Moreover, some studies have shown that a long -term DAA reception may even reduce testosterone levels.

    3. Other alleged effects:

    In addition to increasing testosterone levels, DAA also attribute other effects, such as:

    • Improving fertility: Some studies have shown that DAA can improve sperm quality and increase the fertility in men with infertility.
    • Improving cognitive functions: Some studies have shown that DAA can improve memory and cognitive functions.
    • Increasing the level of hormone growth: Some studies have shown that DAA can increase the level of growth hormone.

    4. Side effects and contraindications:

    DAA is usually considered safe when used in recommended doses. However, some people may have side effects, such as:

    • Disorder of the gastrointestinal tract: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.
    • Headache:
    • Irritability:
    • Acne:

    DAA is contraindicated in:

    • Pregnancy and breastfeeding:
    • Kidney diseases:
    • Individual intolerance:

    5. Recommendations for use:

    The recommended dose of DAA varies depending on the product and the purpose of use. It is usually recommended to take from 2 to 3 grams per day, divided into several receptions. Before using the DAA, you need to consult a doctor.

    6. Conclusion:

    D-asparaginic acid is an amino acid that can affect testosterone levels. Some research

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