Bad for immunity: myths and reality

Posted on by

Bad for immunity: myths and reality.

Section 1: Immunity: Fundamentals and mechanisms

The immune system is a complex and multifaceted network of cells, tissues and organs, designed to protect the body from invasion of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, as well as from its own altered cells (for example, cancer). Understanding the basic principles of the work of immunity is necessary for an adequate assessment of the potential benefit or harm of dietary supplements, positioned as immunomodulators or immunostimulants.

1.1. Inborn immunity: the first line of defense

Congenital immunity is the first line of the body’s defense, which reacts quickly and nonspecific to a wide range of threats. He includes:

  • Physical barriers: The skin, mucous membranes (respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract), discharge (tears, saliva, sweat) prevent the penetration of pathogens.
  • Cell components:
    • Fagocyte: Cells that can absorb and destroy pathogens (for example, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells). Macrophages, for example, not only phagocytes, but also emit cytokines that signal the inflammation and activate other cells of the immune system. Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocytes in the blood and are quickly recruited into foci of infection. Dandrit cells play a key role in the presentation of antigens to adaptive immunity cells.
    • Natural killers (NK cells): Destroy infected or cancer cells, without requiring preliminary sensitization. They recognize cells in which the expression of MHC molecules of class I (the main complex of histocompatibility of class I) is absent or changed, which is often observed with viral infections and malignant neoplasms.
    • Fabric basophils and mastocytes: Participate in allergic reactions and protection against parasites, releasing histamine and other inflammation mediators.
  • Protein components:
    • Comlender: The cascade of proteins, which are activated in response to the presence of pathogens, causing their lysis (destruction), opsonization (labeling for phagocytosis) and increased inflammation.
    • Interferon: Cytokins produced by cells in response to a viral infection. They induce the antiviral state in neighboring cells, preventing the virus replication.
    • Other cytokines: Hemokins (attract immune cells to the focus of inflammation), tumor necrosis factors (TNF) and interleukins (participate in the regulation of the immune response).

1.2. Adaptive immunity: accurate and long -term protection

Adaptive immunity is a slower, but specific and long -term protection system that develops in response to specific antigens (molecules recognized by the immune system). It is characterized by the presence of immunological memory, which allows the body to respond faster and more efficiently when re -contact with the same antigen. Adaptive immunity is divided into two main types:

  • Cellular immunity: It is carried out by T-lymphocytes (T cells).
    • Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells): Destroy cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens, as well as cancer cells. They recognize antigens presented on the surface of cells in combination with MHC class I molecules.
    • T-helpers (CD4+ T-cells): They regulate the immune response, interacting with other immune cells (B-lymphocytes, macrophages) and releasing cytokines. They recognize antigens presented on the surface of cells in combination with MHC class II molecules. There are various T-Hellper subtypes (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg), each of which is involved in the regulation of certain types of immune answers. For example, Th1 cells are involved in the fight against intracellular pathogens, and Th2 cells with parasites and allergens.
    • Regulatory T cells (Treg): They suppress the immune response, preventing autoimmune reactions and maintaining immunological tolerance.
  • Humoral immunity: It is carried out in lymphocytes (B-cells).
    • B-lymphocytes: They produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that are associated with antigens, neutralize them, opsonize (facilitate phagocytosis) and activate complement. After meeting with antigen, B-lymphocytes can differentiate into plasma cells (actively producing antibodies) or in memory cells (providing long-term immunity). There are various antibodies (IgG, IGM, IGA, IGE, IGD), each of which performs certain functions. For example, IgG is the most common antibodies in the blood and plays an important role in neutralizing toxins and opsonization of pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to infection. IGA protects the mucous membranes. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and protection against parasites.

1.3. Factors affecting the immune system

The effectiveness of the immune system depends on many factors, including:

  • Age: The immune system develops in childhood and weakens with age (immunostering).
  • Genetics: Some genetic options can affect susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases.
  • Nutrition: The lack of nutrients (proteins, vitamins, minerals) can weaken the immune system.
  • Stress: Chronic stress can suppress the immune function.
  • Dream: The lack of sleep can reduce the activity of immune cells.
  • Physical activity: Moderate physical activity can improve the immune function, while excessive training can weaken it.
  • Chronic diseases: Some chronic diseases (for example, diabetes, HIV infection) can weaken the immune system.
  • Medicines: Some drugs (for example, immunosuppressors, corticosteroids) can suppress the immune system.
  • Vaccination: Vaccination forms immunological memory, providing protection against specific infectious diseases.
  • Microbiotic intestinal: The composition of the intestinal microbiots has a significant effect on the immune system. A variety of and a balanced microbiota helps to strengthen immunity.

Section 2: Dietrs for immunity: review and classification

Biologically active additives (dietary supplements), positioned as means to strengthen immunity, are a wide range of products containing various vitamins, minerals, plant extracts, probiotics and other substances. It is important to understand that dietary supplements are not drugs and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. They are designed to maintain the normal function of the body and compensate for the deficiency of nutrients.

2.1. Classification of dietary supplements for immunity

Deda for immunity can be classified according to various criteria:

  • By composition:
    • Vitamins: Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, B vitamins B.
    • Minerals: Zinc, selenium, iron, copper.
    • Plant extracts: Echinacea, ginseng, garlic, ginger, turmeric.
    • Probiotics and prebiotics: Lactobacteria, bifidobacteria, inulin, fruitoligosaccharides.
    • Mushrooms: Reishi, Shiitaka, Metack.
    • Amino acids: Glutamin, Argin.
    • Other substances: Beta-glucans, coenzyme Q10, omega-3 fatty acids.
  • By the form of release:
    • Tablets.
    • Capsules.
    • Powders.
    • Liquids (syrups, tinctures).
    • Chewing pastries.
  • According to the proposed mechanism of action:
    • Immunomodulator: Presumably regulate the function of the immune system, restoring the balance between different components of the immune response.
    • Immunostimulators: Presumably stimulate the activity of immune cells, enhancing the immune response.
    • Antioxidants: Protect cells from damage by free radicals, which can weaken the immune system.
    • Probiotics: The composition of the intestinal microbiots improve, which can have a positive effect on immunity.

2.2. The most popular dietary supplements for immunity and their alleged properties

  • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): The antioxidant, participates in the synthesis of collagen, promotes the healing of wounds, supports the function of immune cells (phagocytes, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes). It is believed that vitamin C can reduce the duration and severity of colds, although evidence of this effect is contradictory.
  • Vitamin D (cholegalciferol): He plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system, affecting the activity of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and macrophages. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
  • Zinc: It is necessary for the normal functioning of immune cells, is involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and promotes healing of wounds. Zinc deficiency can weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections.
  • Selenium: The antioxidant, participates in the regulation of the immune system, is necessary for the synthesis of glutathioneperoxidase – an enzyme that protects the cell from damage to free radicals. Selena deficiency can weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections.
  • SOUTINATEA: Plant extract, traditionally used for the prevention and treatment of colds. It is believed that echinacea stimulates the activity of immune cells (phagocytes, NK cells) and has antiviral properties. However, scientific data on the effectiveness of Echinacea are contradictory.
  • Ginseng: Adaptogen, improves the body’s resistance to stress and disease. It is believed that ginseng stimulates the immune system, increases energy and improves cognitive functions.
  • Garlic: Contains allicin – a substance with antimicrobial and antiviral properties. It is believed that garlic can strengthen the immune system and protect against colds.
  • Probiotics: Living microorganisms (lactobacteria, bifidobacteria), which, when used in sufficient quantities have a beneficial effect on the health of the owner. Probiotics can improve the composition of the intestinal microbiots, strengthen the intestinal barrier and modulate the immune response.
  • Beta-glucan: Polysaccharides contained in the cell walls of mushrooms, yeast and some plants. It is believed that beta-glucans stimulate the activity of immune cells (macrophages, NK cells) and increase the body’s resistance to infections.

Section 3: Scientific data on the effectiveness of dietary supplements for immunity

A critical assessment of scientific data is a key point in understanding the real effectiveness of dietary supplements. Despite wide advertising, the evidence base for many dietary supplements, positioned as immunomodulators or immunostimulants, remains weak or contradictory. It is important to distinguish marketing statements from the results of clinical research conducted in compliance with strict scientific standards.

3.1. Analysis of clinical research:

  • Vitamin C: The meta-analyzes of clinical studies show that the regular intake of vitamin C for preventive purposes can slightly reduce the duration of colds (by about 1 day) and slightly reduce the severity of the symptoms. However, vitamin C does not prevent a cold. A more pronounced effect is observed in people undergoing intensive physical stress (for example, athletes).
  • Vitamin D: Studies show that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of respiratory tract infections. Taking vitamin D as an additive can reduce the risk of respiratory infections in people with vitamin D deficiency, especially in the winter months.
  • Zinc: Studies show that the use of zinc during the first 24 hours after the appearance of symptoms of colds can reduce the duration of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms. However, high doses of zinc can cause side effects, such as nausea and vomiting. Long -term intake of high doses of zinc can disrupt the absorption of copper.
  • SOUTINATEA: The results of clinical studies of Echinacea are contradictory. Some studies show that echinacea can slightly reduce the duration and severity of colds, while other studies do not detect any effect. It should be borne in mind that there are many different types of echinacea, and their effectiveness may vary.
  • Probiotics: Some studies show that probiotics can reduce the frequency and duration of respiratory infections in children and adults. However, the effect of probiotics depends on the strain, dose and duration of administration. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal strains and doses of probiotics to strengthen immunity.
  • Other dietary supplements: The evidence base for many other dietary supplements, positioned as immunomodulators or immunostimulants, remains weak or contradictory. Additional clinical studies conducted in compliance with strict scientific standards are needed to assess their effectiveness and safety.

3.2. Problems in dietary supplements:

  • Small number of participants: Many studies of dietary supplements are conducted on small groups of participants, which reduces the statistical significance of the results.
  • Uncontrolled research: Some studies of dietary supplements do not have a control group (placebo), which complicates the assessment of the true additive effect.
  • Insufficient standardization: The composition of dietary supplements can vary depending on the manufacturer and the party, which complicates a comparison of the results of various studies.
  • Oppessional financing: Some studies of dietary supplements are financed by manufacturers, which can lead to a displacement of the results.
  • Lack of strict requirements for evidence of effectiveness: Unlike drugs, dietary supplements are not subject to strict clinical trials and approval by regulatory authorities.

Section 4: myths and reality about dietary supplements for immunity

Around the dietary supplements, positioned as a means to strengthen immunity, there are many myths and errors. A critical analysis of this information is necessary to make reasonable decisions on the appropriateness of their application.

4.1. Myth 1: Dans “strengthen immunity”

Reality: The term “strengthening of immunity” is incorrect and misleading. The immune system is a complex network that should function in a balanced. You can’t just “strengthen” it without violating this balance. Bades can maintain the normal function of the immune system, especially with a deficiency of nutrients, but they are not able to make the immunity “stronger” or “better” in excess of the optimal level. Moreover, the uncontrolled use of immunostimulants can lead to undesirable consequences, such as autoimmune reactions.

4.2. Myth 2: the more, the better

Reality: The principle of “the more, the better” does not work regarding vitamins and minerals. Taking high doses of vitamins and minerals can be harmful to health and cause side effects. For example, an overdose of vitamin C can cause a stomach disorder, and an overdose of vitamin D can lead to hypercalcemia (an increased level of calcium in the blood), which can damage the kidneys and other organs. It is important to follow the recommended doses indicated on the package of dietary supplements or prescribed by the doctor.

4.3. Myth 3: Dans are safe because they are natural

Reality: The fact that dietary supplement is “natural” does not mean that it is safe. Many plant extracts contain biologically active substances that can have a strong effect on the body and interact with drugs. Some dietary supplements may contain impurities or pollutants that can be harmful to health. You should always purchase dietary supplements from reliable manufacturers and consult a doctor before their use, especially if you have any diseases or you take medicines.

4.4. Myth 4: dietary supplements can replace medicines

Reality: Bades are not drugs and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. They can only be used as an addition to the main treatment prescribed by a doctor. It is impossible to replace medicines with dietary supplements without consulting a doctor, as this can lead to a deterioration in the state of health.

4.5. Myth 5: All dietary supplements are equally effective

Reality: The effectiveness of dietary supplements can vary depending on many factors, including the composition, dose, quality of ingredients, individual characteristics of the body and the presence of other diseases. Not all dietary supplements are equally effective, and the choice of a suitable dietary supplement should be based on the individual needs and recommendations of the doctor.

Section 5: risks and side effects of the use of dietary supplements for immunity

The use of dietary supplements, like any other biologically active substances, is associated with certain risks and possible side effects. It is important to realize these risks and take precautions in order to minimize them.

5.1. Possible side effects:

  • Allergic reactions: Many dietary supplements contain plant extracts or other components that can cause allergic reactions in predisposed people. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can vary from a slight rash to anaphylactic shock.
  • Gastrointestinal disorders: Some dietary supplements can cause stomach disorder, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.
  • Interaction with drugs: Bades can interact with drugs by changing their effectiveness or increasing side effects. For example, vitamin K can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulants (drugs that thin blood).
  • Toxicity: Reception of high doses of some vitamins and minerals can be toxic and cause serious side effects. For example, an overdose of iron can lead to damage to the liver and other organs.
  • Pollution: Some dietary supplements can be contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides or other harmful substances.
  • Exacerbation of autoimmune diseases: Immunostimulating dietary supplements can aggravate autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.

5.2. At-risk groups:

Of particular caution when using dietary supplements should be shown to the following groups of people:

  • Pregnant and lactating women: Some dietary supplements can be harmful to the fetus or child.
  • Children: The dosage of dietary supplements for children should be adjusted in accordance with their age and weight.
  • Elderly people: Older people are more sensitive to side effects of dietary supplements.
  • People with chronic diseases: Bades can interact with drugs used to treat chronic diseases.
  • People taking drugs: Bades can interact with drugs by changing their effectiveness or increasing side effects.

5.3. Precautions:

To minimize the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements, the following precautions should be observed:

  • Consult a doctor before using dietary supplements, especially if you have any diseases or you take medications.
  • Bay dietary supplements from reliable manufacturers.
  • Read the label carefully and follow the instructions for use.
  • Do not exceed the recommended doses.
  • Do not take dietary supplements for a long time without consulting a doctor.
  • Tell your doctor about all the dietary supplements you accept.
  • Stop taking a dietary supplement and consult a doctor if you have any side effects.

Section 6: Alternative ways of maintaining immunity

Instead of relying exclusively on dietary supplements, there are many other, more effective and safe ways to maintain the health of the immune system. These methods are based on a healthy lifestyle and scientifically based recommendations.

6.1. Healthy nutrition:

A balanced and diverse nutrition is the basis for maintaining the health of the immune system. It is important to use enough:

  • Squirrel: Protein is necessary for the synthesis of antibodies and immune cells.
  • Vitamins: Vitamins C, D, E, A and B vitamins play an important role in the regulation of the immune system.
  • Minerals: Zinc, selenium, iron, copper are necessary for the normal functioning of immune cells.
  • Antioxidants: Antioxidants protect the cells from damage by free radicals.
  • Probiotics: Probiotics improve the composition of the intestinal microbiots.
  • Prebiotics: Prebiotics are food for probiotics.

It is recommended to consume a large number of fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, legumes, nuts and seeds. The consumption of processed products, sugar and saturated fats should be limited.

6.2. Regular physical activity:

Moderate physical activity improves the function of the immune system, increases the level of antioxidants, reduces inflammation and improves mood. It is recommended to engage in physical exercises for at least 30 minutes a day, most days of the week.

6.3. Sufficient sleep:

The lack of sleep weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to infections. It is recommended to sleep at least 7-8 hours a day.

6.4. Stress management:

Chronic stress suppresses the immune function. It is important to learn how to manage stress using various techniques, such as meditation, yoga, deep breath or nature walks.

6.5. Refusal of smoking and abuse of alcohol:

Smoking and abuse of alcohol weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections.

6.6. Hygiene:

Regular washing of hands with soap, especially after visiting public places and before eating, helps to prevent the spread of infections.

6.7. Vaccination:

Vaccination is an effective way to protect against many infectious diseases. It is recommended to comply with the national vaccination calendar and vaccine in a timely manner.

6.8. Maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiota:

The composition of the intestinal microbiots has a significant effect on the immune system. To maintain a healthy intestinal microbiots, it is recommended to use foods rich in fiber (fruits, vegetables, whole grain products), as well as probiotics and prebiotics.

Section 7: The role of a doctor in the choice and use of dietary supplements

Self -medication and uncontrolled use of dietary supplements can be dangerous to health. A qualified consultation with a doctor plays a key role in choosing and using dietary supplements for immunity.

7.1. When to see a doctor:

  • Before taking any dietary supplements, especially if you have any diseases or you take medicines.
  • If you have symptoms of immunodeficiency, such as frequent infections, poor wound healing or inexplicable weight loss.
  • If you have any side effects after receiving dietary supplements.
  • If you want to get individual recommendations for maintaining the health of the immune system.

7.2. What to discuss with a doctor:

  • Your symptoms and medical history.
  • Your goals and expectations from the reception of dietary supplements.
  • Possible risks and side effects of dietary supplements.
  • The interaction of dietary supplements with the drugs that you take.
  • Recommended doses and duration of dietary supplements.
  • Alternative ways to maintain the health of the immune system.

7.3. How can a doctor help:

  • Assess the state of your immune system and identify possible nutrient deficits.
  • Recommend suitable dietary supplements taking into account your individual needs and health status.
  • Assign the necessary tests and examinations to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dietary supplements.
  • To help you develop an individual plan for maintaining the health of the immune system, including healthy nutrition, physical activity, stress management and other recommendations.
  • Prevent possible side effects and the interaction of dietary supplements with drugs.

In conclusion, it is important to emphasize that dietary supplements for immunity are not a miraculous tool and cannot replace a healthy lifestyle and qualified medical care. Make reasonable decisions on the appropriateness of the use of dietary supplements based on the scientific data and recommendations of the doctor.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *