A review of dietary supplements for the prevention of joint diseases

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Overview of dietary supplements for the prevention of joint diseases: composition, mechanisms of action, clinical efficiency and recommendations for use

Section 1: Anatomy and joint physiology: the basis of understanding of prevention

  1. Joint structure:

    • Bones: Epiphyses of bones forming the joint are covered with hyalin cartilage. It is important to understand that bone tissue is subject to remodeling and can respond to mechanical stress and inflammation.
    • Hyalin cartilage: Specialized connective tissue providing a smooth surface for gliding bones and depreciation. Consists of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (type II collagen, proteoglycans, non -stollagen proteins). The cartilage does not have blood vessels and nerves, therefore, nutrition is carried out due to the synovial fluid.
    • Synovial fluid: A viscous fluid filling the joint cavity. Performs the functions of lubrication, nutrition of cartilage and removal of metabolic products. Contains hyaluronic acid, which gives it viscosity and elasticity.
    • The joint capsule: Connective tissue shell surrounding the joint. Provides joint stability and contains a synovial membrane.
    • Blues: Combine the bones, ensuring additional stability of the joint and limiting its mobility in certain directions. Consist of dense connective tissue rich in type I collagen.
    • Meniski (in the knee joint): Semi -moon cartilage structures located between the femoral and tibia bones. Improve the congruence of the joint surfaces, amortize the load and distribute pressure.

  2. Joint functions:

    • Ensuring movement: They allow you to carry out a wide range of movements in various planes (bending, extension, abduction, bringing, rotation).
    • Load depreciation: The blows and vibrations that occur when walking, running and other physical exertion absorb.
    • Stability: Prevent excess or incorrect movements, protecting the joint from damage.
    • Proprioception: They contain receptors that transmit information about the position of the joint in space, which allows you to regulate movements and maintain balance.

  3. The mechanisms of destruction of the articular cartilage:

    • Inflammation: The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) that destroy collagen and proteoglycans.
    • Oxidative stress: The accumulation of free radicals that damage chondrocytes and extracellular matrix.
    • Mechanical overload: Excessive stress on the joint, leading to microtrauma of the cartilage and its gradual wear.
    • Reducing the synthesis of cartilage: The age -related decrease in the activity of chondrocytes and a decrease in the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans.
    • Cutting violation: Reducing the intake of nutrients from synovial fluid, worsening the regeneration of cartilage.

  4. The risk factors of joint diseases:

    • Age: With age, there is a decrease in the synthesis of cartilage and an increase in its destruction.
    • Genetic predisposition: Some people have a genetic predisposition to the development of joint diseases.
    • Injuries: Joint injuries can lead to cartilage damage and the development of post -traumatic arthrosis.
    • Obesity: Overweight increases the load on the joints, especially the knee and hip.
    • Sedentary lifestyle: The lack of physical activity leads to the weakening of the muscles that support the joints and the deterioration of the blood supply to the cartilage.
    • Excessive physical activity: Repeated or intensive physical activity can lead to overload of the joints and cartilage damage.
    • Autoimmune diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases can cause inflammation and destruction of joints.
    • Metabolic disorders: Diabetes, gout and other metabolic disorders can increase the risk of joint diseases.

Section 2: The main dietary supplements used to prevent joint diseases: composition and mechanisms of action

  1. Glucosamine:

    • Composition: Aminosahar, which is a component of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), which form the basis of cartilage matrix. It is usually represented in the form of glucosamine of sulfate or glucosamine of hydrochloride.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • GAG synthesis stimulation: Enhances the synthesis of GAG and proteoglycans with chondrocytes, contributing to the restoration of cartilage matrix.
      • Inhibition of catabolic enzymes: Reduces the activity of MMP and other enzymes that destroy cartilage.
      • Anti -inflammatory action: Reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and reduces inflammation in the joint.
    • Forms: Glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, n-acetylhlucosamine. Glucosamine sulfate is considered more effective.
    • Dosage: Usually 1500 mg per day, divided into several tricks.

  2. Hondroitine Sulfate:

    • Composition: Sulfate glycosaminoglican, also an important component of cartilage matrix.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Holding water in cartilage: It has a high ability to bind water, which provides elasticity and shock -absorbing properties of cartilage.
      • Inhibition of catabolic enzymes: Reduces the activity of MMP, elastasis and other enzymes that destroy cartilage.
      • GAG synthesis stimulation: Enhances the synthesis of GAG and collagen with chondrocytes.
      • Anti -inflammatory action: Reduces the production of pro -inflammatory cytokines and reduces inflammation in the joint.
    • Forms: Chondroitin sulfate a, chondroitin sulfate S. It is important that chondroitin sulfate is highly molecular and high degree of purity.
    • Dosage: Usually 800-1200 mg per day, divided into several tricks.

  3. Methyl sulfonylmetatan (MSM):

    • Composition: Organic sulfur -containing compound.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Source Source: Sure is necessary for the synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, as well as to maintain the structure of connective tissue.
      • Anti -inflammatory action: Inhibits the production of pro -inflammatory cytokines and reduces inflammation in the joint.
      • Antioxidant action: Protects cells from damage by free radicals.
      • Improving blood circulation: It helps to expand blood vessels and improve blood supply to the joints.
    • Dosage: Usually 1500-3000 mg per day, divided into several tricks.

  4. Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate):

    • Composition: Glycosaminoglican, the main component of the synovial fluid.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Improving joint lubrication: Increases the viscosity and elasticity of the synovial fluid, improving the lubrication of the articular surfaces and reducing friction.
      • Load depreciation: Promotes the shock -absorption of the load on the joint.
      • Anti -inflammatory action: Reduces inflammation in the joint.
      • Synthesis of cartilage: It can stimulate the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans with chondrocytes (the data is contradictory).
    • Forms: Oral capsules, injections in the joint. Injections are more effective, but require medical observation.
    • Dosage: For oral forms, usually 80-200 mg per day.

  5. Type II collagen:

    • Composition: The main structural protein of cartilage.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Support for the structure of the cartilage: Provides the strength and elasticity of the cartilage matrix.
      • Immunomodulatory action: A non-reinvented type II collagen (UC-II) can have an immunomodulating effect, reducing inflammation in the joint. The mechanism of action includes the induction of oral tolerance to its own type II collagen, which leads to a decrease in an autoimmune reaction.
    • Forms: Denaturated type II collagen, non-reinatured type II collagen (UC-II). UC-II is considered more effective in smaller doses.
    • Dosage: For UC-II usually 40 mg per day.

  6. Vitamin D:

    • Composition: Fatable vitamin.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Regulation of the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus: It is necessary to maintain the health of bones and joints.
      • Anti -inflammatory action: It has an anti -inflammatory effect and can reduce the risk of joint diseases.
      • Muscle strengthening: Promotes to strengthen the muscles supporting the joints.
    • Dosage: The dosage varies depending on the level of vitamin D in the blood. Usually 2000-5000 IU per day.

  7. Omega-3 fatty acids (EPK and DGK):

    • Composition: Polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in fish oil.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Anti -inflammatory action: Reduce the production of pro -inflammatory cytokines and reduce inflammation in the joint.
      • Reducing pain: They can reduce joint pain.
    • Dosage: Usually 1000-3000 mg per day containing EPC and DGK.

  8. Curcumin:

    • Composition: Active component of turmeric.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Anti -inflammatory action: It has a powerful anti -inflammatory effect, inhibiting the activity of pro -inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
      • Antioxidant action: Protects cells from damage by free radicals.
      • Anesthetic effect: It can reduce joint pain.
    • Dosage: Usually 500-2000 mg per day, in the form with improved bioavailability (for example, with piperin).

  9. Boswellia serrata extract:

    • Composition: Contains bosvelly acids.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Anti -inflammatory action: Inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox), which is involved in the synthesis of leukotrienes, pro-inflammatory mediators.
      • Anesthetic effect: It can reduce joint pain.
    • Dosage: Usually 300-500 mg per day.

  10. S-adenosylmetionine (SAME):

    • Composition: Natural compound involved in many biochemical reactions in the body.
    • The mechanism of action:
      • Stimulation of the synthesis of proteoglycans: It can stimulate the synthesis of proteoglycans with chondrocytes.
      • Anti -inflammatory action: It has an anti -inflammatory effect.
      • Anesthetic effect: It can reduce joint pain.
    • Dosage: Usually 200-400 mg per day.

Section 3: Clinical effectiveness of dietary supplements for the prevention of joint diseases: research review

  1. Glucosamine and chondroitin:

    • Research: Numerous clinical studies studied the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis. The research results are contradictory.
    • Conclusions: Some studies show that glucosamine and chondroitin can reduce pain, improve joint function and slow down the progression of osteoarthritis, especially with prolonged use. Other studies have not revealed a significant difference between glucosamine/chondroitin and placebo. It is important to note that the quality of glucosamine and chondroitin in various dietary supplements can vary, which can affect research results. Studies Gait (Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis International Trial) showed the moderate effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin in the subgroup of patients with moderate and severe pain in the knee joint.
    • Meta analysis: Meta analyzes that combine the results of several studies also gave conflicting results. Some meta-analyzes confirm the moderate effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin, others do not reveal a significant effect.
    • Recommendations: It is recommended to use glucosamine and chondroitin in combination, choose dietary supplements with a high degree of cleanliness and high dosage, and use them for a long time (at least 3-6 months).

  2. MSM:

    • Research: Several studies have shown that MSM can reduce pain, improve joint function and reduce inflammation in osteoarthritis.
    • Conclusions: MSM can be a useful addition to glucosamine and chondroitin.

  3. Hyaluronic acid:

    • Research: Studies have shown that the oral intake of hyaluronic acid can improve the function of the joints and reduce pain in osteoarthritis. Injections of hyaluronic acid into the joint are a more effective method of treating osteoarthritis.
    • Conclusions: The oral intake of hyaluronic acid can be useful for the prevention of joint diseases, but its effectiveness can be lower than that injection.

  4. Type II collagen:

    • Research: Studies have shown that non-unauthorized type II collagen (UC-II) can reduce pain, improve joint function and reduce inflammation with osteoarthritis.
    • Conclusions: UC-II can be effective in smaller doses than a denatured type II collagen.

  5. Vitamin D:

    • Research: Studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of development of osteoarthritis and other joint diseases. Vitamin D intake can improve bone health and joints.
    • Conclusions: It is important to maintain an adequate level of vitamin D in the blood to prevent joint diseases.

  6. Omega-3 fatty acids:

    • Research: Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids can reduce pain and inflammation for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Conclusions: Omega-3 fatty acids can be a useful addition to the treatment of joint diseases.

  7. Curcumin:

    • Research: Studies have shown that curcumin can reduce pain, inflammation and improve joint function with osteoarthritis.
    • Conclusions: Kurkumin can be an effective alternative to non -steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

  8. Boswellial extract:

    • Research: Studies have shown that Boswellial extract can reduce pain, inflammation and improve joint function with osteoarthritis.
    • Conclusions: Boswellial extract can be an effective remedy for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

  9. SAMe:

    • Research: Studies have shown that SAME can reduce pain, inflammation and improve joint function with osteoarthritis.
    • Conclusions: Same can be an effective alternative to NSAIDs for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Section 4: Recommendations for the use of dietary supplements for the prevention of joint diseases

  1. Consultation with a doctor: Before taking any dietary supplements, you need to consult a doctor, especially if you have any chronic diseases or take other medicines.
  2. The choice of high -quality dietary supplements: Choose dietary supplements from well -known manufacturers that guarantee the quality and cleanliness of their products. Pay attention to the availability of quality certificates (for example, GMP).
  3. Dosage compliance: Follow the recommended dosage indicated on the pack of dietary supplements. Do not exceed the dosage without consulting a doctor.
  4. Duration of admission: To achieve the effect, most dietary supplements must be taken for a long time (at least 3-6 months).
  5. Complex approach: Bades should be used in conjunction with other measures of the prevention of joint diseases, such as:
    • Healthy lifestyle: Maintain healthy weight, eat correctly, regularly engage in physical exercises.
    • Moderate physical activity: Perform exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles supporting the joints. Avoid excessive loads that can lead to overload of the joints. Low shock load exercises are recommended, such as swimming, walking, cycling.
    • Proper nutrition: Use products rich in calcium, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Limit the use of inflammation products, such as sugar, processed foods and red meat.
    • Weight control: Maintain a healthy weight to reduce the load on the joints.
    • Avoiding injuries: When playing sports, use protective equipment and observe safety precautions.
    • Ergonomics: Follow the correct posture and use ergonomic equipment at the workplace to reduce the load on the joints.
  6. Individual approach: The effectiveness of dietary supplements can vary depending on the individual characteristics of the body. It is necessary to choose dietary supplements that are right for you.
  7. Side effects: Some dietary supplements can cause side effects, such as stomach disorder, nausea, allergic reactions. If side effects appear, stop taking the dietary supplement and consult a doctor.
  8. Interaction with drugs: Bades can interact with other medicines, so it is necessary to inform the doctor about all the dietary supplements that you accept.

Section 5: New directions in the prevention of joint diseases

  1. Personalized medicine: Development of individual strategies for the prevention of joint diseases based on genetic data and other individual factors.
  2. Biomarkers: Identification of biomarkers that can predict the risk of developing joint diseases and evaluate the effectiveness of preventive measures.
  3. Regenerative medicine: Development of methods of cartilage regeneration, such as cell therapy and tissue engineering.
  4. Nanotechnology: The use of nanotechnologies for the delivery of drugs to the joint and to restore cartilage matrix.
  5. Exosome: The study of exosos isolated by cells as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of joint diseases. Exosomas can transfer various molecules, including microrm and proteins, which can affect the inflammation and regeneration of cartilage.

Section 6: Prospects for the use of dietary supplements in the complex therapy of joint diseases

Bades can be a useful addition to the complex therapy of joint diseases, which includes drugs, physiotherapy and physiotherapy exercises. Bades can help reduce pain, inflammation, improve joint function and slow down the progression of the disease. However, it is important to remember that dietary supplements are not a replacement for drugs and cannot cure joint diseases. They should be used only under the supervision of a doctor and in combination with other treatment methods.

Section 7: Final recommendations

The prevention of joint diseases is an important aspect of maintaining health and an active lifestyle. Bades can be a useful tool in the prevention of joint diseases, but they should be used with caution and under the supervision of a doctor. It is important to remember that dietary supplements are not panacea and should be used in combination with other preventive measures, such as a healthy lifestyle, moderate physical activity and proper nutrition. Maintaining healthy weight, avoiding injuries and observing ergonomics also play an important role in the prevention of joint diseases.

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