action and contraindications

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The article should be in Russian.

Okay, here’s a framework for that massive article. It will be structured into many, many sections, each focusing on a specific substance, situation, or class of drugs/treatments. The framework focuses on building the structure; the actual content would need substantial research and writing effort for each individual section.

I. General principles of action and contraindications

  • A. Pharmacodynamics: How drugs affect the body.

      1. Receptors: agonists, antagonists, partial agonists.
      1. Enzymes: inhibition, activation.
      1. Ion channels: blockade, modulation.
      1. Transport systems: inhibiting, stimulation.
      1. Nonspecific mechanisms.

  • B. Pharmacokinetics: How the body affects the drugs.

      1. Highness (absorption): ways of introduction, factors affecting absorption.
      1. Distribution: binding with plasma proteins, penetration through barriers.
      1. Metabolism: Metabolism phases, p450 cytochrome enzymes, drug interactions.
      1. Deriving (excretion): kidneys, liver, lungs, other paths.

  • C. Contraindications: main types.

      1. Absolute contraindications.
      1. Relative contraindications.
      1. Interaction of drugs.
      1. Pregnancy and lactation.
      1. Age (children, elderly).
      1. Concomitant diseases.
      1. Individual intolerance/allergies.

II. Medicines and effects, contraindications (Categorized by Therapeutic Use – Each Expands Significantly)

  • A. Analgesics (painkillers):

      1. Nonsteroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):
      • a. Ibuprofen: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Diclofenac: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Narksen: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • D. Ketoprofen: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • E. Meloxicam: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • f. Celecoxib: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • G. Nimesulide: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Opioid analgesics:
      • a. Morphine: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, addiction. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Codeine: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, metabolism, connection with CYP2D6. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Tremadol: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, effect on serotonin and norepinephrine. (Highly Detailed)
      • D. Fentaligne: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, transdermal systems, danger of an overdose. (Highly Detailed)
      • E. Oxycodon: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, form with slow release. (Highly Detailed)
      • f. Buprenorphin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, partial agonist of opioid receptors. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Neopioid analgesics (simple analgesics):
      • a. Paracetamol (acetaminophene): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, hepatotoxicity. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Sodium metamizole (analgin): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, agranulocytosis. (Highly Detailed)

  • B. Antibiotics:

      1. Penicillin:
      • a. Amoxicillin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, stability of bacteria. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Ampicillin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, stability of bacteria. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Basilpenicillin (penicillin G): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, use for syphilis. (Highly Detailed)
      • D. Phenoximethylpenicillin (penicillin v): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • E. Oxacillin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, resistance to penicillinase. (Highly Detailed)
      • f. Amoxicillin/clavulanate: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, beta-lactamaz inhibitor. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Cephalosporine: (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th generation – detailed breakdowns of each)
      • a. Cephalexin (1st generation): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Cofuroxim (2nd generation): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Ceftriaxone (3rd generation): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, use for meningitis. (Highly Detailed)
      • D. Cephepipim (4th generation): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa. (Highly Detailed)
      • E. Ceftarolin (5th generation): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, activity against MRSA. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Macrolides:
      • a. Azithromycin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, long half -life. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Clarithromycin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Erythromycin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, problems with the gastrointestinal tract. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Tetracyycles:
      • a. Tetracycline: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, painting in children. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Doxycycline: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, photosensitization. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Aminoglycosis:
      • a. Gentamicin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Amicacin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Fluoroquinolones:
      • a. Ciprofloxacin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, tendonitis, tendon rupture. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Levofloxacin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, tendonitis, tendon rupture. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Moxifloxacin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, tendonitis, tendon rupture, lengthening of QT interval. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Sulfanilamides:
      • a. Sulfametoxazole/trimetrome (co-trimoxazole): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, pneumocycy pneumonia. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Other antibiotics:
      • a. Vancromicin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, “red neck syndrome”. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Metronidazole: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, interaction with alcohol. (Highly Detailed)

  • C. Antiviral drugs:

      1. Anti -Herpetic drugs:
      • a. Acyclovir: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, herpes, chickenpox. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Valacyclovir: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, prodiganism of acyclovir. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Antijackpoose drugs:
      • a. Ozeltamivir (Tamifly): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, neuraminidase inhibitor. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Anti -rerovirus drugs (HIV): (Classes: NRTIs, NNRTIs, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, Fusion Inhibitors – detailed breakdowns of examples from each class)
      • (Example) a. Efavirenz (NNRTI): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, effect on the central nervous system. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Anthepatitis drugs: (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C – detailed breakdowns of examples)
      • (Example) a. Entecavir (hepatitis b): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)

  • D. antifungal drugs:

      1. Azols:
      • a. Fluconazole: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, candidiasis. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Itraconazole: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, aspergillosis. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Voriconazole: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, invasive fungal infections. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Paulines:
      • a. Amphotericin B: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, nephrotoxicity. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Nistatin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, local use for candidiasis. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Echinookan:
      • a. Kasapofungin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. (Highly Detailed)

  • E. Preparations affecting the cardiovascular system:

      1. Antihypertensive drugs:
      • a. ACF inhibitors: enalapril, lisinopril, captopril (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      • B. Angiotensin II (Arbs) receptor blockers: Lozartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      • C. Beta blockers: metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol (Detailed Breakdown of Each, Including Selectivity)
      • D. Calcium channel blockers: amlodipine, Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem (Detailed Breakdown of Each, Including Types)
      • E. Diuretics: Hydrochlorogiazide, Furosemide, Spironolacton (Detailed Breakdown of Each, Including Potassium-Sparing)
      1. Antiarrhythmic drugs:
      • a. Amiodarone: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, lengthening of the QT interval, thyroid damage. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Lidocaine: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, ventricular arrhythmias. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Antianginal drugs:
      • a. Nitrates: nitroglycerin, isosorbida dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      • b. Beta-blocker: (As above, with emphasis on angina ve)
      • C. Calcium channel blockers: (AS ABOVE, WITH EMPHASIS ON ANGINA USE)
      1. Antiplans and anticoagulants:
      • a. Aspirin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, cardioprotective effect. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Clopidogrel: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, P2Y12 inhibitor. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Varfarin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, Multiple monitoring. (Highly Detailed)
      • D. Heparin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, nasal heparin, low molecular weight heparins (enoxaparin, dalteparin). (Highly Detailed)
      • E. New oral anticoagulants (PLA): Dabigatran, Rivakoxaban, Apixban, Eoxaban (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      1. Statin:
      • a. Atorvastatin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, reduction in cholesterol. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Simvastatin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, reduction of cholesterol. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Rosuvastatin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, reduction in cholesterol. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Cardiac glycosides:
      • a. Digoxin: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, heart failure, atrial fibrillation. (Highly Detailed)

  • F. Preparations affecting the respiratory system:

      1. Bronstillers:
      • a. Beta-2 Agonists: Salbutamol, Formoterol, Salmeterol (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      • b Anticholinergic agents (M-cholinolithics): IPROTROPIA Bromide, Thiotropy Bromide (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      • C. Methylxantins: Theophyllin (Highly Detailed)
      1. Inhalation corticosteroids:
      • a. Budesonide: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, asthma, COPD. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Fluticasone: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, asthma, COPD. (Highly Detailed)
      • C. Beklometazone: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, asthma, COPD. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Combined drugs (inhalation):
      • a. Budesonide/Formoterol: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, readings, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, asthma, hobble. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Fluticasone/Salmeterol: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, asthma, COPD. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Mukolitiki:
      • a. Acetylcysteine ​​(ACC): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, sputum dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Ambroxol: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, expectorant effect. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Anticlothes:
      • a. Dekstromorfan: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, suppression of cough reflex. (Highly Detailed)
      • B. Butamirat: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, suppression of cough reflex. (Highly Detailed)

  • G. Preparations affecting the gastrointestinal tract:

      1. Proton pump inhibitors (IPP): Omeprazole, Lanceprazole, Pantoprazole, Ezomeprazole (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      1. H2-receptors of histamine: Ranitidine, Famotidine (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Antacids: Algeldrat/magnesium hydroxide (Detailed Breakdown)
      1. Prokinetics: Metoclopramide, Domperidone (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Laxatives: Bisakodil, Lactulose, Macrogol (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Antidian products: Loperamide, Smectitis Dioctaedric (Smecta) (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Hepatoprotectors: Essential, ursodeosxycholic acid (Detailed Breakdown of Each – Evidence -Bassed Discussion)
      1. Enzyme preparations: Pancreatin (Detailed Breakdown)

  • H. Hormonal drugs:

      1. Glucocorticosteroids (systemic): Prednisolone, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Thyroid hormones: Levothyroxine (L-thyroxine) (Detailed Breakdown)
      1. Antitiraoid drugs: Tiamazole (metimazole), Propiltiouracil (PTU) (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Insulin: (Rapid-acting, Short-acting, Intermediate-acting, Long-acting, Premixed – detailed breakdowns of examples from each type)
      1. Oral sugar -lowering drugs: Metformin, sulfonyl gross (glibenclamide, glimepiride), grogazones (pylitazone), DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin), SGLT2 inhibitors (Dapagliflosin) (Dapagliflosin)
      1. Estrogens and progestogens: (Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), Oral Contraceptives – detailed breakdowns of specific examples and combinations)
      1. Androgens: Testosterone (Detailed Breakdown)
      1. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SMER): Tamoxifen (Detailed Breakdown)

  • I. Psychotropic drugs:

      1. Antidepressants:
      • a. Selective inhibitors of the reverse capture of serotonin (SIOOS): sertralin, paroxetine, fluoxetine, citylopram, escitalopram (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      • B. Reverse capture of serotonin and norepinephrine (IOZSN): Wenlafaxin, Detailed Breakdown of Each
      • C. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA): amitriptyline, Imipramine (Detailed Breakdown of Each – Side Effect Profile)
      • d. Monoaminoxidase Ingibitory (Detailed Breakdown – Dietary Restrictions, Interactions)
      1. Antipsychotics (neuroleptics):
      • a. Typical antipsychotics: Galoperidol (Detailed Breakdown – Side Effect Profile, EPS)
      • b Atypical antipsychotics: Risperidone, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, Aryipiprazole (Detailed Breakdown of Each – Side Effect Profile, Metabolic Effects)
      1. Anxiolytics (tranquilizers):
      • a. Benzodiazepines: diazepam, alpraisals, drums (Detailed Breakdown of Each – Dependence, Withdrawal)
      • b. Nebenzodiazepinovye Ankiolitici: Buspiron (Detailed Breakdown)
      1. Normotimics (mood stabilizers): Lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, lamotridin (Detailed Breakdown of Each
      1. Snowstocks:
      • a. Benzodiazepine sleeping pills: (Subset of Benzodiazepines – AS ABOVE)
      • B. Neonzodiazepine sleeping pills (Z-Drugs): Zopycline, Zolpidem, Zalesplon (Detailed Breakdown of Each

  • J. Anti -allergic drugs:

      1. Antihistamines (H1 blockers):
      • a. First generation: Difenhydrain (diphenhydramine), chlorpiramine (Suprastin) (Detailed Breakdown of Each – Sedation)
      • B. Second generation: Loratadine, Cetirizin, Fexofenadin (Detailed Breakdown of Each – Less Sedation)
      1. Stabilizers of membranes of mast cells: Cromoglycic Sodium (Detailed Breakdown)
      1. Leukotrienne receptor antagonists: Montelukast (Detailed Breakdown)

  • K. Preparations for the treatment of skin diseases:

      1. Topic corticosteroids: (Potency classes and examples)
      1. Retinoids: Tretinoin, Isotretinoin (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Antifungal agents (topical): Ketoconazole, clotrimazole, myconazole (Detailed Breakdown of Each)
      1. Antibiotics (topical): Metronidazole, Clindamicin (Detailed Breakdown of Each)

III. Vaccles

  • A. Types of vaccines:
      1. Live Athenoated vaccines
      1. Inactivated vaccines
      1. Substract, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines
      1. Toxoid vaccines
      1. MRNA vaccine
      1. Vector vaccines
  • B. Specific vaccines (examples)
      1. MMR (measles, rubella, pig): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Influenza vaccine: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Vaccine against Covid-19 (Examples: Pfizer-Biiontech, Moderna, Astrazeneca): action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage. (Highly Detailed)

IV. Diagnostic procedures and contrasting substances

  • A. X -ray contact substances:
      1. Iodine -containing contrasting substances: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, nephrotoxicity, allergic reactions. (Highly Detailed)
      1. Gadolic -containing contrasting substances: action, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, contraindications, interaction with other drugs, dosage, nephrogenic system fibrosis. (Highly Detailed)
  • B. Allergens for diagnostic tests: (Detailed breakdown of common allergens)

V. Biologically active additives (dietary supplements) and medicinal plants (Important Cautency: Emphasize the Need for Cautency and Consultation with A Medical Professional. Evidence-Based IS Crucial Here.)

  • A. Popular dietary supplement: (Detailed breakdown of common supplements: Vitamin D, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Probiotics, etc. Emphasize potential interactions with medications and lack of regulation.)
  • B. Popular medicinal plants: (Detailed breakdown of common herbal remedies: St. John’s Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, etc. Emphasize potential interactions with medications and lack of regulation. Strong warnings about contraindications are ESSENTIAL.)

**VI.

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