Dietary supplements for immunity: benefits and contraindications

Dietary supplements for immunity: benefits and contraindications

Chapter 1: Immunity – the basis of health

1. Determination and functions of the immune system.

   The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs working together to protect the body from diseases. Its main function is to recognize and destroy pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, as well as abnormal cells, for example, cancer. Immunity also plays a key role in wound healing and tissue restoration.

2. Components of the immune system: congenital and adaptive immunity.

   The immune system is divided into two main branches: congenital and adaptive immunity.

   • Inborn immunity: This is the first line of protection of the body that is present from birth. It is characterized by a quick, but non -specific reaction to a wide range of threats. Components of congenital immunity include:
     • Physical barriers: Leather, mucous membranes, tears, saliva and gastric juice.
     • Cells: Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), NK cells (natural killers), basophils, eosinophils and mastocytes.
     • Squirrels: Complement, interferon and cytokine.
   • Adaptive immunity: This is a more complex and specific form of immunity, which develops throughout life in response to the influence of specific antigens (foreign substances). It is characterized by “memory”, that is, the ability to quickly and effectively respond to the repeated effect of the same antigen. The components of adaptive immunity include:
     • B-lymphocytes: They are responsible for humoral immunity, produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that neutralize pathogens and facilitate their destruction.
     • T-lymphocytes: Are responsible for cellular immunity, directly destroy infected cells or regulate the immune response. Several types of T-lymphocytes are distinguished:
       • T-Helpers (CD4+): Help other cells of the immune system function effectively.
       • T-killer (CD8+): Destroy infected cells.
       • T-regulatory cells: Sold the immune response, preventing autoimmune reactions.

3. Factors affecting immunity: age, nutrition, stress, sleep, physical activity.

   The effectiveness of the immune system is affected by many factors:

   • Age: The immune system is the most strong in youth and weakens with age (immunostation). In children, the immune system is not yet fully developed, and in older people it becomes less effective.
   • Nutrition: The lack of necessary nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals and proteins, can weaken the immune system.
   • Stress: Chronic stress suppresses the immune function, increasing the risk of infectious diseases.
   • Dream: The lack of sleep also weakens the immune system, reducing the amount and activity of immune cells.
   • Physical activity: Moderate physical activity strengthens the immune system, and excessive training can weaken it.
   • Chronic diseases: Some diseases, such as diabetes, HIV and autoimmune diseases, can significantly weaken the immune system.
   • Medicines: Some drugs, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, suppress the immune system.
   • Environmental factors: Environmental pollution, the effects of toxins and radiation can negatively affect the immune system.

4. Signs of weakened immunity.

   Signs of weakened immunity can vary from lungs to serious and include:

   • Frequent colds (more than 3-4 times a year).
   • Long -term recovery after diseases.
   • Chronic fatigue and weakness.
   • Repeating infections (for example, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia).
   • Slow wound healing.
   • Inflammatory skin diseases (for example, eczema, psoriasis).
   • Frequent exacerbations of chronic diseases.
   • Allergic reactions.
   • Problems with digestion (for example, diarrhea, constipation, bloating).
   • Hair loss.

Chapter 2: Dad for immunity: Review

1. Determination of dietary supplements (biologically active additives) and their role in maintaining immunity.

   Biologically active additives (dietary supplements) are concentrates of natural or natural biologically active substances, designed for direct intake or introduction into food products in order to enrich the ration with individual food or biologically active substances or complexes of such substances, as well as to maintain the normal functioning of the organism and systems of the body. They are not medicines and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. Bades can be useful for maintaining immunity, especially in cases where the diet does not provide a sufficient amount of necessary nutrients.

2. The main groups of dietary supplements for immunity: vitamins, minerals, plant extracts, probiotics, prebiotics, mushrooms.

   There are many dietary supplements that are positioned as means to strengthen immunity. They include:

   • Vitamins:
     • Vitamin C: It is important for the functioning of immune cells, has antioxidant properties and promotes wound healing.
     • Vitamin D: He plays a key role in the regulation of the immune system, promotes the activation of immune cells and reduces the risk of infectious diseases.
     • Vitamin E: A powerful antioxidant protects cells from damage to free radicals and supports the function of immune cells.
     • Vitamin A: It is necessary to maintain the integrity of the mucous membranes, which serve as a physical barrier for infections, and for the functioning of immune cells.
     • B vitamins B: They participate in energy metabolism and maintaining the health of the nervous system, which indirectly affects immunity.
   • Minerals:
     • Zinc: It is necessary for the development and functioning of immune cells, is involved in the healing of wounds and has antioxidant properties.
     • Selenium: It is important for the functioning of immune cells, has antioxidant properties and protects cells from damage to free radicals.
     • Iron: It is necessary for the transfer of oxygen and the functioning of immune cells.
     • Copper: Participates in the functioning of immune cells and has antioxidant properties.
   • Plant extracts:
     • SOUTINATEA: It stimulates the immune system, increases the activity of immune cells and reduces the duration of colds.
     • Ginseng: Adaptogen, increases the body’s resistance to stress and improves the function of the immune system.
     • Garlic: It has antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties.
     • Ginger: It has anti -inflammatory and antioxidant properties, can relieve symptoms of colds and influenza.
     • Buzina: It has antiviral properties and can reduce the duration of influenza.
   • Probiotics: Living microorganisms that benefit health, improving the balance of intestinal microflora. Healthy intestinal microflora plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system.
     • Lactobacillus: Widely used in probiotic additives.
     • Bifidobacterium: Another common group of probiotics.
   • Prebiotics: Substances that serve as food for beneficial bacteria in the intestines, contributing to their growth and reproduction.
     • Inulin: A common prebiotic contained in various vegetables and fruits.
     • Frictoligosaccharides (phos): Another type of prebiotic.
   • Mushrooms:
     • Reishi: It has immunomodulating properties, can improve the function of the immune system and reduce the risk of infectious diseases.
     • Shiitaka: Contains polysaccharides that stimulate the immune system.
     • Metack: It also contains polysaccharides that can improve the function of the immune system.
   • Other:
     • Omega-3 fatty acids: They have anti -inflammatory properties and can improve the function of the immune system.
     • Coenzim Q10 (COQ10): An antioxidant who plays a role in energy metabolism and can support the function of the immune system.
     • Beta-glucan: Polysaccharides contained in yeast, mushrooms and cereals, which stimulate the immune system.

3. The mechanisms of action of dietary supplements on the immune system: stimulation, modulation, antioxidant protection.

   Bad affect the immune system in various ways:

   • Stimulation: Some dietary supplements stimulate immune cells, increasing their activity and the ability to fight infections. For example, echinacea and beta-glucans.
   • Modulation: Other dietary supplements modulate the immune response, that is, regulates its intensity to prevent the hyperactivity of the immune system, which can lead to autoimmune diseases. For example, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids.
   • Antioxidant Protection: Many dietary supplements have antioxidant properties, protecting immune cells from damage to free radicals, which are formed in the process of combating infections and inflammation. For example, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and coenzyme Q10.
   • Support for intestinal microflora: Probiotics and prebiotics support a healthy intestinal microflora, which plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. Healthy intestinal microflora helps to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria, produces vitamins and other beneficial substances, and stimulates immune cells in the intestine.

Chapter 3: The benefits of dietary supplement for immunity: Scientific data

1. Vitamin C: the impact on the prevention and treatment of colds.

   Vitamin C is one of the most famous and studied dietary supplements for immunity. Numerous studies have shown that regular intake of vitamin C can reduce the duration and severity of colds, especially in people subject to physical stress or living in cold climatic conditions. However, vitamin C does not prevent infection with a cold, but helps the body quickly cope with the infection. The mechanism of action of vitamin C is associated with its antioxidant properties, its ability to stimulate immune cells and participate in the synthesis of collagen, which is necessary to maintain the integrity of the mucous membranes.

2. Vitamin D: role in immune regulation and prevention of infections.

   Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system. It contributes to the activation of immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes and macrophages, and enhances their ability to fight infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of infectious diseases, including respiratory infections, influenza and tuberculosis. Studies have shown that vitamin D intake can reduce the risk of respiratory infections, especially in people with vitamin D. Vitamin D also plays a role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases.

3. Zinc: Value for immune cells and wound healing.

   Zinc is necessary for the development and functioning of immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and NK cells. It is involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA necessary for dividing and growth of immune cells. Zinc also plays an important role in wound healing and has antioxidant properties. Zinc deficiency is associated with an increased risk of infectious diseases and slow healing of wounds. Studies have shown that zinc intake can reduce the duration of colds and reduce the risk of pneumonia in children.

4. Echinacea: stimulation of the immune system and reducing the duration of a cold.

   Echinacea is a plant extract that is traditionally used to treat colds. Studies have shown that echinacea can stimulate the immune system, increasing the activity of immune cells and reducing the duration of the cold. The mechanism of action of echinacea is associated with its ability to stimulate the production of interferons, which are proteins with antiviral properties. However, the effectiveness of echinacea can vary depending on the type of echinacea, dosage and individual characteristics of the body.

5. Probiotics: maintaining a healthy intestinal microflora and strengthening immunity.

   Probiotics are living microorganisms that benefit health, improving the balance of intestinal microflora. Healthy intestinal microflora plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. Probiotics help prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria, produce vitamins and other beneficial substances, and stimulate immune cells in the intestines. Studies have shown that the intake of probiotics can reduce the risk of the development of respiratory infections, diarrhea and other diseases. The effectiveness of probiotics depends on the strain of bacteria, dosage and individual characteristics of the body.

6. Other dietary supplements: research results and potential advantages.

   • Selenium: It has antioxidant properties and is important for the functioning of immune cells. Studies have shown that selenium deficiency is associated with an increased risk of infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.
   • Omega-3 fatty acids: They have anti -inflammatory properties and can improve the function of the immune system. Studies have shown that taking omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the risk of respiratory infections and autoimmune diseases.
   • Beta-glucan: Polysaccharides that stimulate the immune system. Studies have shown that the intake of beta-glucans can increase the body’s resistance to infections and reduce the risk of colds.
   • Mushrooms (Reishi, Shiitaka, Metack): Contain polysaccharides that stimulate the immune system. Studies have shown that taking mushroom extracts can improve the function of the immune system and reduce the risk of infectious diseases and cancer.

Chapter 4: Contraindications and side effects of dietary supplements for immunity

1. General contraindications for admission of dietary supplements: individual intolerance, pregnancy, lactation, children’s age.

   Reception of dietary supplements has a number of general contraindications:

   • Individual intolerance: Allergic reactions to dietary supplements are a common contraindication. Before taking dietary supplements, it is recommended to carefully study the composition and make sure that there are no allergies to any ingredients.
   • Pregnancy and lactation: Most dietary supplements are not recommended for pregnant and nursing women, since their safety for the fetus and infants has not been studied. Some dietary supplements can have a negative effect on the development of the fetus or penetrate into breast milk. Before taking any dietary supplements during pregnancy and lactation, you need to consult a doctor.
   • Childhood: Some dietary supplements are not recommended for children, since their dosage and safety for children have not been studied. Children should only take those dietary supplements that are specially designed for children and recommended by a doctor.

2. Side effects and interactions with drugs: vitamins, minerals, plant extracts.

   Side effects and interactions with drugs can vary depending on the specific dietary supplement:

   • Vitamin C: In high doses can cause stomach disorder, diarrhea and nausea. Vitamin C can interact with some drugs such as anticoagulants and aspirin.
   • Vitamin D: In high doses, it can cause hypercalcemia (increased level of calcium in the blood), which can lead to nausea, vomiting, weakness and damage to the kidneys. Vitamin D can interact with some drugs such as diuretics and cardiac glycosides.
   • Zinc: In high doses can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and a decrease in immunity. Zinc can interact with some drugs such as antibiotics and iron drugs.
   • SOUTINATEA: It can cause allergic reactions, such as skin rash, itching and swelling. Echinacea can interact with some drugs such as immunosuppressants and antifungal drugs.
   • Probiotics: They can cause bloating, gases and diarrhea, especially at the beginning of the reception. Probiotics can interact with some drugs such as antibiotics.

3. Special warnings: autoimmune diseases, kidney and liver diseases, blood coagulation disorders.

   People with certain diseases should observe special caution when taking dietary supplements:

   • Autoimmune diseases: Some dietary supplements, such as echinacea, can stimulate the immune system and worsen the course of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. People with autoimmune diseases should consult a doctor before taking any dietary supplement.
   • Kidney and liver diseases: People with kidney and liver diseases should be careful when taking dietary supplements, since some dietary supplements can have a toxic effect on these organs. Before taking any dietary supplement to people with kidney and liver diseases, you need to consult a doctor.
   • Blood coagulation disorders: Some dietary supplements, such as vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids, can dilute blood and increase the risk of bleeding. People with blood coagulation disorders should be careful when taking these dietary supplements and consult a doctor before taking them.

4. The importance of consulting a doctor before taking a dietary supplement.

   Before taking any dietary supplement, it is recommended to consult a doctor. The doctor will be able to assess the state of health, identify possible contraindications and choose the most suitable dietary supplements, taking into account individual needs and characteristics of the body. A self -medication of dietary supplements can be dangerous and lead to undesirable side effects.

Chapter 5: How to choose and take dietary supplement for immunity correctly

1. Criteria for choosing high -quality dietary supplements: manufacturer, composition, certification.

   The choice of high -quality dietary supplements is an important factor for ensuring their effectiveness and safety. When choosing dietary supplements, you should pay attention to the following criteria:

   • Manufacturer: Choose a dietary supplement from well -known and trusted manufacturers who have a good reputation and comply with quality standards. Information about the manufacturer can be found on the package of dietary supplements or on the manufacturer’s website.
   • Composition: Carefully study the composition of dietary supplements and make sure that there are no allergens and undesirable ingredients. Pay attention to the dosage of active substances and compare it with the recommended daily dose.
   • Certification: Make sure that the dietary supplement has a quality certificate confirming its compliance with safety and efficiency standards. In Russia, dietary supplements must have a certificate of state registration (SGR).

2. Recommendations for dosage and duration of dietary supplements.

   The dosage and duration of the intake of dietary supplements depend on the specific dietary supplements, the state of health and the individual characteristics of the body. Before taking dietary supplements, it is recommended to carefully study the instructions for use and consult a doctor. Do not exceed the recommended dosage, as this can lead to side effects. The duration of dietary supplement should also be limited and determined by the doctor.

3. The combination of dietary supplements with proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle.

   Bad is not a replacement for proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. They should be used as an addition to a full -fledged diet rich in vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. To maintain strong immunity, it is also important to observe sleep mode, regularly engage in physical activity, avoid stress and abandon bad habits.

4. Monitoring the effectiveness and safety of admission of dietary supplements.

   During the use of dietary supplements, it is important to monitor your state of health and pay attention to any side effects. If you notice any undesirable symptoms, stop taking dietary supplements and consult a doctor. Regularly visit a doctor to control the effectiveness and safety of dietary supplements.

Chapter 6: Prospects for research in dietary supplements for immunity

1. The need for further clinical research to confirm the effectiveness of dietary supplements.

   Despite the fact that many dietary supplements are positioned as means to strengthen immunity, their effectiveness and safety require further clinical studies. More large -scale and well -planned studies are needed to confirm the benefits of dietary supplements for immunity and determine the optimal dosage and duration of the reception.

2. The study of the mechanisms of action of dietary supplements at the molecular level.

   For a better understanding of the influence of dietary supplements on the immune system, it is necessary to study the mechanisms of their action at the molecular level. This will determine which particular dietary supplements have an immunomodulating effect and how they interact with immune cells and molecules.

3. Development of new dietary supplements with higher bioavailability and efficiency.

   In the future, the development of new dietary supplements with higher bioavailability and efficiency is expected. This will increase the efficiency of dietary supplements and reduce the risk of side effects. Also, dietary supplements intended for specific groups of the population, such as children, elderly people and people with certain diseases, will be developed.

4. An individual approach to the choice of dietary supplements based on genetic characteristics.

   In the future, an individual approach to the choice of dietary supplements based on genetic characteristics will become possible. Genetic tests will determine which dietary supplements will be most effective and safe for a particular person. This will optimize the intake of dietary supplements and achieve the maximum positive effect for health.