Instead, immediately dive into the content, with a clear hierarchy of headings and subheadings.
Testosterone dietary supplements: an alternative to hormonal therapy
Section 1: understanding of testosterone and its role
1.1. What is testosterone?
Testosterone is the main male sex hormone related to the androgen group. It is synthesized mainly in Leydig’s cells located in testicles in men, and in smaller quantities of adrenal glands in both men and women. In women, the ovaries also produce a small amount of testosterone.
1.1.1. Chemical structure and mechanism of action
Testosterone is a steroid hormone derived from cholesterol. Its molecular formula is C19H28O2. After releasing into the bloodstream, testosterone can exist in two main forms: proteins associated with proteins (SHBG – globulin, connecting sex hormones, and albumin) and free. Only free testosterone is biologically active and is able to contact androgenic receptors inside the cells.
The mechanism of action of testosterone includes the penetration of free hormone into a cage, where it binds to an androgen receptor. This complex hormone receptor is then translated into the cell nucleus and is associated with certain DNA sequences called androgen-sensitive elements (are). This binding regulates the transcription of genes, which leads to the synthesis of certain proteins responsible for various physiological effects of testosterone.
1.2. Physiological functions of testosterone in men
Testosterone plays a critical role in numerous aspects of male health and development. Its functions cover:
1.2.1. Development and maintenance of the reproductive system
Testosterone is necessary for the development and maintenance of the male genital organs, including testicles, prostate gland and seed bubbles. It stimulates spermatogenesis (process of sperm formation) in testicles, providing male fertility. In addition, it affects libido (sexual desire) and erectile function.
1.2.2. Development of secondary sexual characteristics
During puberty, testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as:
* Рост волос на лице и теле (оволосение по мужскому типу)
* Увеличение мышечной массы и силы
* Огрубение голоса
* Развитие адамова яблока
* Увеличение костной плотности1.2.3. Anabolic effects
Testosterone has a pronounced anabolic effect, contributing to the synthesis of protein and tissue growth, especially muscle. It increases the retention of nitrogen in the body, which is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and the construction of muscle tissue.
1.2.4. Impact on bone tissue
Testosterone plays an important role in maintaining bone density and preventing osteoporosis. It stimulates the formation of bone tissue and reduces its resorption (destruction).
1.2.5. Impact on cognitive functions and mood
Studies show that testosterone can affect cognitive functions, such as memory, attention and spatial thinking. The low level of testosterone can be associated with the deterioration of cognitive functions and the development of depression.
1.2.6. Influence on energy exchange
Testosterone helps to increase metabolism and improve glucose utilization. It can also affect the distribution of adipose tissue in the body. The low level of testosterone can be associated with an increase in the amount of visceral fat (fat surrounding internal organs), which increases the risk of metabolic syndrome.
1.3. Factors affecting testosterone levels
The level of testosterone in the body is affected by many factors, both internal and external.
1.3.1. Age
The level of testosterone reaches a peak aged 20-30 years, and then begins to gradually decrease with age (approximately 1-2% per year after 30 years). This decrease is a natural process known as age -related hypogonadism.
1.3.2. Genetics
Genetic factors play an important role in determining the level of testosterone. Some people are genetically predisposed to a higher or low hormone level.
1.3.3. Life
Lifestyle has a significant impact on testosterone levels. Factors that can reduce testosterone levels include:
* Неправильное питание (недостаток белка, полезных жиров и микроэлементов)
* Недостаток физической активности
* Хронический стресс
* Недостаток сна
* Злоупотребление алкоголем и наркотиками
* Ожирение1.3.4. Diseases and medicines
Some diseases, such as hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, obesity, claynfelter syndrome and pituitary tumors, can reduce testosterone levels. In addition, some medications, such as corticosteroids, opioid analgesics and antidepressants, can also have a negative effect on the level of the hormone.
1.3.5. Environmental impact
The effect of certain chemicals, such as endocrine destroyers (for example, bisphenol A and flulates), can violate the hormonal balance and reduce testosterone levels.
1.4. Symptoms of low level of testosterone (hypogonadism)
The low level of testosterone (hypogonadism) can be manifested by various symptoms that can significantly affect the quality of life of a man. These symptoms include:
1.4.1. Sexual disorders
* Снижение либидо (полового влечения)
* Эректильная дисфункция (импотенция)
* Снижение количества спермы
* Бесплодие1.4.2. Physical changes
* Уменьшение мышечной массы и силы
* Увеличение жировой массы, особенно в области живота
* Снижение костной плотности (остеопороз)
* Усталость и слабость
* Приливы жара
* Снижение роста волос на теле
* Увеличение груди (гинекомастия)1.4.3. Psychological and cognitive disorders
* Депрессия
* Раздражительность
* Снижение концентрации внимания и памяти
* Нарушения сна
* Снижение мотивации1.5. Diagnosis of low level of testosterone
Diagnosis of low level of testosterone includes a history of anamnesis, physical examination and laboratory tests.
1.5.1. Anamnesis collection and physical examination
The doctor will ask questions about the symptoms, lifestyle, medical history and medications taken. A physical examination may include an estimate of the sizes of the testicles, the presence of gynecomastia and the distribution of adipose tissue.
1.5.2. Laboratory research
To confirm the diagnosis of hypogonadism, it is necessary to conduct laboratory studies, which include:
* Определение уровня общего тестостерона в крови. Анализ следует проводить утром (с 8 до 10 часов), когда уровень тестостерона находится на пике.
* Определение уровня свободного тестостерона в крови.
* Определение уровня глобулина, связывающего половые гормоны (SHBG).
* Определение уровня лютеинизирующего гормона (ЛГ) и фолликулостимулирующего гормона (ФСГ). Эти гормоны регулируют функцию яичек.
* Определение уровня пролактина.
* Общий анализ крови и биохимический анализ крови для исключения других заболеваний.If the test results indicate a low level of testosterone, the doctor may prescribe additional studies to identify the cause of hypogonadism.
Section 2: Hormone therapy with testosterone (GZT): Advantages and risks
2.1. What is hormone therapy with testosterone (GZT)?
Hormone therapy with testosterone (GZT) is a treatment method used to increase testosterone levels in men with hypogonadism. It involves the introduction of testosterone into the body using various methods.
2.2. Methods of introduction of testosterone
There are several methods of introducing testosterone, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages:
2.2.1. Testosterone injections
Testosterone injections are one of the most common GZT methods. Testosterone preparations for injection can be in the form:
* Тестостерона энантата
* Тестостерона ципионата
* Тестостерона ундеканоатаInjections are usually made intramuscularly (for example, in the gluteal muscle) every 1-4 weeks, depending on the drug and the individual needs of the patient.
Advantages:
* Эффективное повышение уровня тестостерона
* Относительно низкая стоимость (особенно для энантата и ципионата)Flaws:
* Необходимость регулярных инъекций
* Возможные колебания уровня тестостерона между инъекциями
* Риск осложнений в месте инъекции (например, боль, отек, инфицирование)2.2.2. Transdermal preparations (gels and plasters)
Transdermal drugs of testosterone are applied to the skin in the form of a gel or patch. The gel is applied daily, usually on the shoulders, forearms or stomach. The patchers are glued to the skin once or twice a day.
Advantages:
* Более стабильный уровень тестостерона по сравнению с инъекциями
* Удобство использования (особенно для гелей)Flaws:
* Более высокая стоимость по сравнению с инъекциями
* Риск передачи тестостерона другим людям при контакте с кожей (особенно детям и женщинам)
* Возможные кожные реакции (например, раздражение, зуд)2.2.3. Bookcar tablets
Building tablets of testosterone are placed between the gum and the cheek, where they gradually dissolve and are absorbed into the blood.
Advantages:
* Удобство использованияFlaws:
* Необходимость применения несколько раз в день
* Возможные побочные эффекты, такие как раздражение десен и изменение вкуса2.2.4. Testosterone implants
Testosterone implants are small granules that are inserted under the skin in the buttocks using a small cut. Implants gradually release testosterone for several months.
Advantages:
* Длительный эффект (до 6 месяцев)Flaws:
* Необходимость хирургической процедуры для введения и удаления имплантов
* Риск осложнений в месте имплантации (например, инфицирование, кровотечение)
* Более высокая стоимость2.3. Indications for GZT
GZT is shown to men with confirmed hypogonadism, which have symptoms that significantly affect the quality of life. Indications for GZT include:
2.3.1. Primary hypogonadism
Primary hypogonadism is a condition in which testicular tests do not produce enough testosterone due to damage or violation of their function. The causes of primary hypogonadism can be:
* Синдром Клайнфельтера
* Крипторхизм (неопущение яичек)
* Орхит (воспаление яичек)
* Травма яичек
* Химиотерапия или лучевая терапия2.3.2. Secondary hypogonadism
Secondary hypogonadism is a state in which the pituitary or hypothalamus (parts of the brain that regulate the function of the testicles) do not produce enough luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulate the production of testosterone in testicles. The causes of secondary hypogonadism can be:
* Опухоли гипофиза или гипоталамуса
* Травма головы
* Воспалительные заболевания мозга
* Прием некоторых медикаментов (например, кортикостероидов, опиоидных анальгетиков)2.3.3. Age -related hypogonadism (age -related Androgen deficiency)
Age hypogonadism is a gradual decrease in testosterone level, which occurs with age. GZT can be considered for men with age -related hypogonadism, which have symptoms, such as a decrease in libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, a decrease in muscle mass and a decrease in bone density.
2.4. Contraindications to GZT
GZT is contraindicated in the following cases:
2.4.1. Prostate cancer or breast cancer
Testosterone can stimulate the growth of cancer cells in the prostate gland and mammary gland.
2.4.2. Severe benign prostate hyperplasia (DGPZ) with pronounced symptoms
Testosterone can aggravate the symptoms of DHCH, such as difficult urination.
2.4.3. Uncontrolled heart failure
GZT can worsen the course of heart failure.
2.4.4. Polycythemia (increased erythrocyte level)
GZT can stimulate the production of red blood cells and aggravate polycythemia.
2.4.5. Obstructive apnea of sleep
GZT can worsen the course of obstructive update sleep.
2.4.6. History of thromboembolic diseases
GZT can increase the risk of blood clots.
2.5. Side effects of GZT
GZT can cause various side effects that must be taken into account before the treatment:
2.5.1. Acne and oily skin
Testosterone can stimulate the functioning of the sebaceous glands and lead to the appearance of acne and oily skin.
2.5.2. Gynecomastia (breast augmentation)
Testosterone can turn into estrogen, which can lead to breast augmentation.
2.5.3. Fluid and swelling delay
Testosterone can cause fluid retention in the body and lead to edema.
2.5.4. Reducing the size of the testicles
GZT can suppress the production of LH and FSH, which can lead to a decrease in the size of the testicles and a decrease in fertility.
2.5.5. Hair loss
Testosterone can contribute to hair loss in men genetically predisposed to male baldness.
2.5.6. Increasing the level of red blood cells (polycytemia)
Testosterone can stimulate the production of red blood cells and lead to an increase in the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit.
2.5.7. Improving cholesterol levels
GZT can lead to an increase in blood cholesterol.
2.5.8. The risk of developing prostate cancer
There are conflicting data on the connection of GZT with the risk of developing prostate cancer. However, before the start of the GZT, it is necessary to undergo an examination to exclude prostate cancer, and regularly undergo examinations during treatment.
2.5.9. Aggression and irritability
In some men, GZT can cause aggression and irritability.
2.6. Monitoring during GZT
During GZT, it is necessary to regularly monitor to assess the effectiveness of treatment and identify possible side effects. Monitoring includes:
2.6.1. Determining the level of testosterone in the blood
It is necessary to regularly determine the level of testosterone in the blood to adjust the dose of the drug.
2.6.2. Determination of the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit
It is necessary to regularly determine the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit to detect polycythemia.
2.6.3. Determining the level of cholesterol in the blood
It is necessary to regularly determine the level of cholesterol in the blood to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
2.6.4. Prostate examination
It is necessary to regularly undergo an examination of the prostate gland (for example, a finger rectal examination and determination of the level of a prostatic specific antigen (PSA)) to exclude prostate cancer.
2.6.5. Assessment of symptoms
It is necessary to regularly evaluate the symptoms of hypogonadism to assess the effectiveness of treatment.
Section 3: Dad for testosterone: review and mechanisms of action
3.1. What is testosterone dietary supplements?
Bades (biologically active additives) for testosterone are products containing various vitamins, minerals, herbs and other substances that are allegedly able to increase testosterone levels, improve male health and increase sports results. Unlike hormonal drugs, dietary supplements do not contain synthetic testosterone and do not require a doctor’s prescription.
3.2. Dietary supplements for testosterone
Various dietary supplements for testosterone can act in various ways:
3.2.1. Stimulation of LH and FSH development
Some dietary supplements can stimulate the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH) with a pituitary gland. These hormones, in turn, stimulate the production of testosterone in testicles.
3.2.2. Inhibition of aromatase
Aromatase is an enzyme that turns testosterone into estrogen. Some dietary supplements can inhibit the activity of aromatase, thereby preventing the transformation of testosterone into estrogen and increasing testosterone levels.
3.2.3. Increasing the level of free testosterone
Some dietary supplements can increase the level of free testosterone in the blood, contacting globulin connecting sex hormones (SHBG), and releasing testosterone.
3.2.4. Improving the function of testicles
Some dietary supplements can improve the function of the testicles and stimulate testosterone production.
3.2.5. General health support
Some dietary supplements contain vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that support general health and can indirectly contribute to increasing testosterone levels.
3.3. The most popular dietary supplements for testosterone
There are many dietary supplements for testosterone, but some of them are most popular:
3.3.1. D-asparaginic acid (DAA)
D-asparaginic acid (DAA) is an amino acid that plays a role in the production of hormones, including testosterone. Studies show that DAA can increase the level of LH and testosterone.
The mechanism of action: DAA stimulates the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRG) in the hypothalamus, which leads to an increase in the production of LH and FSH with a pituitary gland.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 2-3 grams of DAA per day.
Potential side effects: In some people, DAA can cause headache, irritability and nausea.
3.3.2. Tribulus Tribulus Terrestris)
Tribulus Terrytris is a plant that is traditionally used to increase libido and improve male fertility.
The mechanism of action: It is believed that the tribulus terrestris contains saponins, which can stimulate the production of LH and testosterone. However, scientific data on its effectiveness are contradictory.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 250-750 mg of T Tureris tribulus extract per day.
Potential side effects: Tertrix tribulus can cause stomach disorder, nausea and diarrhea.
3.3.3. Pazhik (fenugreek)
A fencth is a plant whose seeds are used as a spice and a drug. Studies show that the fencing can increase testosterone levels and improve libido.
The mechanism of action: The fencing contains saponins that can inhibit aromatase and increase the level of free testosterone.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 500-600 mg of fencing extract per day.
Potential side effects: The fencing can cause stomach disorder, diarrhea and a specific smell of the body.
3.3.4. Zinc
Zinc is an important mineral that plays a role in many physiological processes, including testosterone production. Zinc deficiency can lead to a decrease in testosterone levels.
The mechanism of action: Zinc is involved in the synthesis of testosterone and can affect LH production.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 15-30 mg of zinc per day.
Potential side effects: High doses of zinc can cause stomach disorder, nausea and vomiting.
3.3.5. Vitamin D.
Vitamin D is a fat -soluble vitamin that plays a role in many body functions, including testosterone production. Vitamin D deficiency can be associated with a decrease in testosterone levels.
The mechanism of action: Vitamin D may affect the production of LH and testosterone.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 2000-5000 IU vitamin D per day.
Potential side effects: High doses of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia (an increased level of calcium in the blood).
3.3.6. Magnesium
Magnesium is an important mineral that plays a role in many physiological processes, including testosterone production.
The mechanism of action: Magnesium can affect the production of LH and testosterone.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 200-400 mg of magnesium per day.
Potential side effects: High doses of magnesium can cause diarrhea.
3.3.7. Ashwaganda (Ashwagandha)
Ashvaganda is an adaptogenic plant that is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to reduce stress and improve the general state of health. Studies show that Ashvagand can increase testosterone levels and improve male fertility.
The mechanism of action: Ashvagand can reduce the level of cortisol (stress hormone), which can help increase testosterone levels.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 300-500 mg of ashvaganda extract per day.
Potential side effects: Ashvagand can cause drowsiness, stomach disorder and diarrhea.
3.3.8. Goryanka (Epimedium, Horny Goat Weed)
Goryanka is a plant that is traditionally used in Chinese medicine to increase libido and improve erectile function.
The mechanism of action: Goryanka contains Ikariin, which is an inhibitor of phosphodesterosis-5 (FDE-5), which can improve blood flow in the penis and promote erection. It is also assumed that Ikariin can increase testosterone levels.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 500-1000 mg of Goryanka extract per day.
Potential side effects: Goryanka can cause dizziness, nausea and vomiting.
3.3.9. Longjack (Eurycoma Longifolia, Tongkat Ali)
Longjack is a plant that grows in Southeast Asia and is traditionally used to increase libido and improve male fertility.
The mechanism of action: Longjack can stimulate the production of LH and testosterone, as well as increase the level of free testosterone.
Dosage: It is usually recommended to take 200-400 mg of Longjack extract per day.
Potential side effects: Longjack can cause insomnia, irritability and anxiety.
3.4. The effectiveness of dietary supplements for testosterone: scientific data
The effectiveness of dietary supplements for testosterone is the subject of disputes. Some studies show that certain dietary supplements can slightly increase the level of testosterone, while other studies do not reveal any effects. It is important to note that many studies of dietary supplements for testosterone have methodological disadvantages, such as small samples, lack of control groups and poor -quality products.
3.4.1. D-asparaginic acid (DAA)
Some studies show that DAA can increase testosterone levels in men with low testosterone levels. However, other studies do not reveal any effects.
3.4.2. Tribulus Tribulus Terrestris)
Most studies do not confirm the effectiveness of the tribulus of the terrestris in increasing the level of testosterone. Some studies show that it can improve libido.
3.4.3. Pajinik (Fenugreek)
Some studies show that the fences can increase testosterone levels and improve libido.
3.4.4. Zinc
Zinc is effective for increasing testosterone levels only in men with zinc deficiency.
3.4.5. Vitamin D.
Vitamin D is effective for increasing testosterone levels only in men with vitamin D.
3.4.6. Ashwaganda (Ashwagandha)
Some studies show that Ashvaganda can increase testosterone levels and improve male fertility.
3.4.7. Goryanka (Epimedium, Horny Goat Weed)
There are no sufficient scientific data confirming the effectiveness of Goryanka in increasing the level of testosterone.
3.4.8. Longjack (Eurycoma Longifolia, Tongkat Ali)
Some studies show that Longjack can increase testosterone levels and improve male fertility.
3.5. Risks and side effects of dietary supplements for testosterone
Testosterone dietary supplements, like any other additives, can cause side effects and interact with drugs. It is important to consider the following risks:
3.5.1. Low -quality products
The dietary supplement market is not always regulated properly, and some products may contain unexpected ingredients, pollutants or not correspond to the declared composition.
3.5.2. Interaction with drugs
Some dietary supplements can interact with medicines, which can lead to undesirable side effects or reducing the effectiveness of drugs.
3.5.3. Side effects
Each dietary supplement has its own potential side effects. Some of them can be insignificant, such as stomach disorder, while others can be more serious.
3.5.4. Lack of sufficient studies
The effectiveness and safety of many dietary supplements for testosterone has not been properly studied.
3.6. Who should consider taking dietary supplements for testosterone?
Testosterone dietary supplements can be considered men who experience low -level testosterone symptoms, such as a decrease in libido, fatigue, decreased muscle mass and a decrease in mood, but at the same time they do not want or cannot take hormonal therapy with testosterone. It is important to consult a doctor in order to exclude other possible causes of symptoms and discuss the risks and advantages of dietary supplements.
3.7. Recommendations for the selection and reception of dietary supplements for testosterone
When choosing and receiving dietary supplements for testosterone, it is important to follow the following recommendations:
3.7.1. Consult a doctor
Before taking any dietary supplements for testosterone, you need to consult a doctor.
3.7.2. Choose products from reliable manufacturers
Choose products from manufacturers who have a good reputation and test their products for cleanliness and safety.
3.7.3. Read the labels
Carefully read the labels of products and make sure that they contain the declared ingredients in these dosages.
3.7.4. Start with low doses
Start taking dietary supplements with low doses and gradually increase the dose, if necessary.
3.7.5. Follow side effects
Follow the appearance of side effects and stop taking dietary supplements if they arise.
3.7.6. Do not expect a miracle
Testosterone dietary supplements are not miraculous means and will not replace a healthy lifestyle.
Section 4: Alternative ways to increase testosterone levels naturally
4.1. Healthy lifestyle: The basis for the optimal level of testosterone
A healthy lifestyle is the basis for maintaining the optimal level of testosterone. It includes proper nutrition, regular physical activity, sufficient sleep and stress management.
4.2. Proper nutrition
Proper nutrition plays an important role in the development of testosterone.
4.2.1. A sufficient amount of protein
Protein is a building material for hormones, including testosterone. It is recommended to consume 1.2-1.7 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day.
4.2.2. Healthy fats
Healthy fats, such as mono -saturated and polyunsaturated fats, are necessary for the production of testosterone. It is recommended to consume sources of healthy fats, such as avocado, olive oil, nuts and fatty fish.
4.2.3. Complex carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates, such as whole grain products, vegetables and fruits, provide the body with energy and help maintain a stable blood sugar.
4.2.4. Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins and minerals, such as zinc, vitamin D and magnesium, play an important role in the development of testosterone.
4.2.5. Avoid processed products and sugar
Processed products and sugar can reduce testosterone levels.
4.3. Regular physical activity
Regular physical activity is an important factor for increasing testosterone levels.
4.3.1. Power training
Power training, such as lifting weights, are the most effective way to increase testosterone levels.
4.3.2. High -intensity interval training (VIIT)
Vit can also increase testosterone levels.
4.3.3. Aerobic exercises
Aerobic exercises, such as running and swimming, are useful for general health, but are less effective for increasing testosterone levels.
4.3.4. Avoid overtraining