Dietary supplements and their interaction with medicines

Dietary dietary supplements and their interaction with medicines: Full guide

Section 1: Fundamentals of sleep and sleep disturbance

• Circus rhythms and their regulation: Circat rhythms are internal biological watches that regulate sleep, wakefulness, release of hormones, body temperature and other physiological processes for about a 24-hour cycle. The main regulator of circadian rhythms is the suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which receives information about light exposure through the eyes. Light suppresses the release of melatonin, hormone that promotes sleep, and darkness stimulates its synthesis. Violations of circadian rhythms can occur due to replaceable work, intersection of time zones (jetlag) or irregular sleep regime.

• Sleep stages: The dream consists of two main phases: quick sleep (REM) and non-consumer sleep (NREM). NREM-SN is divided into three stages: N1 (the transition from wakefulness to sleep), N2 (deeper sleep, characterized by spindles of sleep and K-complex) and N3 (the deepest sleep, also known as a slow-wave dream necessary for physical recovery). REM-SN is characterized by quick eye movements, rapid heartbeat and breathing, as well as increased brain activity. During REM-SNN, memory consolidation and processing of emotions occurs. The normal sleep cycle consists of a NRM-Stadi sequence, behind which is the REM-SOS, and is repeated several times a night.

• Types of sleep disturbances:

  • Insomnia (insomnia): It is characterized by difficulties with falling asleep, maintaining sleep or early awakening, despite a sufficient amount of time allotted for sleep. Insomnia can be acute (short -term) or chronic (prolonged).
  • Apnee in a dream: It is characterized by periodic respiratory arrest during sleep, which leads to a decrease in oxygen in the blood and frequent awakening. Obstructive apnea in a dream (OSA) is the most common type in which the respiratory tract is blocked due to relaxation of the muscles of the throat.
  • Restless legs syndrome (SBN): It is characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs that cause an irresistible desire to move them, especially at rest. SBN symptoms are often intensified in the evening and night.
  • Narcolence: Chronic neurological disorder, characterized by excessive daytime drowsiness, sudden attacks of sleep (cataplexia), sleepy paralysis and hypnagogical hallucinations.
  • Parasia: They include various undesirable phenomena occurring during sleep, such as sleeping (somnambulism), nightmares, night horrors and a conversation in a dream (dental).

• Factors affecting sleep: Various factors can affect sleep, including age, gender, genetics, state of health, lifestyle, environment and medication. Older people often experience changes in the structure of sleep, such as a decrease in the duration of deep sleep and more frequent awakening at night. Women are more susceptible to insomnia, especially during pregnancy, after childbirth and during menopause. Chronic diseases, such as pain, diabetes, heart failure and respiratory diseases, can disturb sleep. Smoking, drinking alcohol and caffeine can also negatively affect sleep. Adverse environmental conditions, such as noise, light and temperature, can make it difficult to fall asleep and maintaining sleep.

• Diagnosis of sleep disorders: Diagnosis of sleep disturbances usually includes a history of anamnesis, a physics examination and, in some cases, conducting polysography (PSG). PSG is a study of sleep, which is carried out in the laboratory of sleep and records brain activity (EEG), eye movements (EOG), muscle activity (EMG), heart rhythm (ECG), respiratory movements and levels of oxygen in the blood. Based on PSG data, the doctor can determine the type and severity of sleep disturbance. In some cases, additional studies may be required, such as the acting (registration of movements for several days or weeks) or a multiple test of sleep latency (MTLS) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy.

Section 2: Dad for sleeping: review and action mechanisms

• Melatonin:

  • The mechanism of action: Melatonin is a hormone produced by an epiphyse that plays a key role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep. It binds to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) in the brain, reducing vigilance, contributing to relaxation and facilitating falling asleep.
  • Application: Melatonin is often used to treat insomnia, especially in people with disturbed circadian rhythms, such as shift graphic workers or travelers crossing time zones. It can also be useful for children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders or attention deficit and hyperactivity deficiency (ADHD), which have difficulty sleeping.
  • Dosage: The usual dosage of melatonin is from 0.3 mg to 5 mg, taken 30-60 minutes before bedtime. It is important to start with a low dose and gradually increase it if necessary.
  • Side effects: Melatonin is usually well tolerated, but can cause side effects, such as drowsiness, headache, dizziness, nausea and irritability.

• Valerian:

  • The mechanism of action: Valerian is a herbaceous plant whose root is used as a soft sedative and anxiolytic agent. It is believed that the active components of valerian, such as valerian acid, modulate the activity of gamma-aminomatic acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits nervous activity and promotes relaxation.
  • Application: Valerian is often used to treat insomnia, anxiety and nervous tension.
  • Dosage: The usual dosage of valerian is from 400 mg to 900 mg of the root extract, taken 30-60 minutes before bedtime.
  • Side effects: Valerian is usually well tolerated, but can cause side effects, such as drowsiness, headache, dizziness and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

• Chamomile:

  • The mechanism of action: Chamomile is a herbaceous plant, the flowers of which are used for the preparation of tea and extracts that have soothing and sleeping pills. It is believed that Apigenin, a flavonoid contained in the chamomile, is associated with GABA receptors in the brain, exerting an anxiolytic and sedative effect.
  • Application: Chamomile is often used to treat insomnia, anxiety and nervous tension. It can also be used to facilitate disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and reduce inflammation.
  • Dosage: The usual dosage of chamomile is from 1 to 3 cups of chamomile tea or 400-1600 mg of chamomile extract taken before bedtime.
  • Side effects: Chamomile is usually well tolerated, but can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to plants of the Astro family (for example, ambrosia, chrysanthemums, calendula).

• L-triptophan:

  • The mechanism of action: L-tripthophanes is an indispensable amino acid, which is the predecessor of serotonin and melatonin, neurotransmitters playing a key role in the regulation of mood and sleep. L-tripthophanes turns into 5-hydroxitriptophanes (5-HTP), which then turns into serotonin. Serotonin, in turn, can be transformed into melatonin.
  • Application: L-tripthophanes is often used to treat insomnia, anxiety and depression.
  • Dosage: The usual dosage of the L-tripthophanes is from 500 mg to 2000 mg, taken before bedtime.
  • Side effects: L-tripthophanes can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness and dizziness.

• 5-HTP:

  • The mechanism of action: 5-HTP is an intermediate product in the metabolism of L-tripteophan into serotonin. It is more effective than L-tripthophanes crosses the hematoencephalic barrier and turns into serotonin in the brain.
  • Application: 5-HTP is often used to treat insomnia, anxiety and depression.
  • Dosage: The usual 5-HTP dosage is from 50 mg to 400 mg, taken before bedtime.
  • Side effects: 5-HTP can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness and headache. It can also interact with some drugs, especially with antidepressants.

• Magnesium:

  • The mechanism of action: Magnesium is an important mineral that is involved in many physiological processes, including regulation of the nervous system, muscle function and blood sugar. He can also play a role in the regulation of sleep, since it helps to relax muscles and a decrease in nervous excitability. Magnesium affects the GABA receptors.
  • Application: Magnesium is often used to treat insomnia, anxiety, muscle seizures and migraines.
  • Dosage: The usual dosage of magnesium is from 200 mg to 400 mg, taken before bedtime. It is important to choose easily absorbed forms of magnesium, such as magnesium citrate, magnesium glycine or magnesium tronate.
  • Side effects: Magnesium can cause side effects, such as diarrhea, nausea and cramps in the abdomen, especially when taking high doses.

• L-theanine:

  • The mechanism of action: L-theanine is an amino acid contained in tea, which has soothing and relaxing properties. It increases the level of GABA, serotonin and dopamine in the brain, and also reduces the level of glutamate, exciting the neuroportician.
  • Application: L-theanine is often used to treat anxiety, stress and insomnia. It can also improve cognitive functions and concentration.
  • Dosage: The usual dosage of the L-theanine is from 100 mg to 400 mg, taken before bedtime.
  • Side effects: L-theanine is usually well tolerated and does not cause significant side effects.

• Glycine:

  • The mechanism of action: Glycine is an amino acid acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It activates glycine receptors, contributing to relaxation and sleep. It also regulates body temperature, which is important for sleeping.
  • Application: Glycine is used to improve the quality of sleep, reduce the time of falling asleep and reduce daily drowsiness.
  • Dosage: Usually take 3 grams of glycine before bedtime.
  • Side effects: Glycine is usually well tolerated. Sometimes it can cause nausea or discomfort in the stomach.

• GABA (gamma-aminomatic acid):

  • The mechanism of action: Gaba is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Reduces neural excitability, contributing to relaxation, reducing anxiety and improving sleep.
  • Application: Used to improve sleep, relieve anxiety and stress.
  • Dosage: Usually used in dosages from 250 mg to 750 mg before bedtime. Perfection through a hematoencephalic barrier is limited, so effectiveness can vary.
  • Side effects: Sometimes it can cause drowsiness, headache or discomfort in the stomach.

Section 3: Interaction of Dad for sleeping drugs

• Melatonin interactions: Melatonin can interact with various drugs, including:

  • Anticoagulants and anti -agents (warfarin, clopidogrel, aspirin): Melatonin can enhance the anticoagulant effect of these drugs, increasing the risk of bleeding.
  • Antidepressants (SIOOS, TCA): Melatonin can enhance the serotonergic effect of these drugs, increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome.
  • Antihypertensive drugs (calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers): Melatonin can reduce blood pressure, which can enhance the effect of antihypertensive drugs and lead to hypotension.
  • Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytin): Melatonin can reduce the threshold of convulsive readiness, which can reduce the effectiveness of anticonvulsant drugs.
  • Immunosuppressants (cyclosporin, takrolimus): Melatonin can enhance the immunomodulating effect of these drugs.
  • Benzodiazepines: The combination of melatonin with benzodiazepines can enhance the sedative effect and lead to excessive drowsiness.
  • Nonsteroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Some NSAIDs can inhibit melatonin synthesis.

• Valerian’s interactions: Valerian can interact with various drugs, including:

  • Sedatives (benzodiazepines, barbiturates): Valerian can enhance the sedative effect of these drugs, leading to excessive drowsiness and oppression of breathing.
  • Antidepressants (SIOOS, TCA): Valerian can enhance the serotonergic effect of these drugs, increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome.
  • Anesthetics: Valerian can enhance the effect of anesthetics, so it should be stopped taken a few days before surgery.
  • Alcohol: The combination of valerian with alcohol can enhance the sedative effect and lead to impaired coordination of movements.

• Chamomile interactions: Chamomile can interact with various drugs, including:

  • Anticoagulants (warfarin): Chamomile can enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding.
  • Sedatives (benzodiazepines): Chamomile can enhance the sedative effect of these drugs.
  • Cyclosporin: Chamomile can reduce the level of cyclosporine in the blood.

• Intections of L-tripthophanes and 5-HTP: L-tripthophanes and 5-HTP can interact with various drugs, including:

  • Antidepressants (SIOS, TCA, IMAO): L-tripthophanes and 5-HTP can enhance the serotonergic effect of these drugs, increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome.
  • Antitratus drugs (dextrometerfan): L-tripthophanes and 5-HTP can enhance the effect of dextrometerfan, increasing the risk of side effects.
  • Narcotic analgesics (tramadol): L-tripthophanes and 5-HTP can enhance the serotonergic effect of tramadol, increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome.

• Magnesium interactions: Magnesium can interact with various drugs, including:

  • Antibiotics (tetracycline, chinolons): Magnesium can reduce the absorption of these antibiotics, reducing their effectiveness.
  • Iron preparations: Magnesium can reduce iron absorption.
  • Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlororaliazide): Some diuretics can increase magnesium excretion from the body, leading to magnesium deficiency.
  • Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, lansoprazole): Long -term use of proton pump inhibitors can lead to magnesium deficiency.

• L-theanine interactions: In general, L-theanine is considered relatively safe and has slightly known drug interactions. However, caution should be observed when using it with:

  • Stimulants: Since the L-theanine has soothing properties, it can reduce the effectiveness of stimulants, such as caffeine or medicines for ADHD.
  • Antihypertensive agents: L-theanine can slightly reduce blood pressure, so it should be used with caution with antihypertensive drugs to avoid excessive blood pressure.

• Interactions glycine:

  • CLOSAPIN: Glycine can reduce the effectiveness of closapine (antipsychotic drug).

• Gaba interactions:

  • Sedatives: Gaba can enhance the sedative effect, leading to excessive drowsiness.
  • Antidepressants: Although direct interactions are unlikely, caution should be observed with simultaneous use with antidepressants, especially with SIOS and IMAO.

Section 4: Recommendations for the use of dietary supplements for sleeping and minimizing the risks of interaction

• Consultation with a doctor: Before taking any dietary supplements for sleeping, especially if you take other medicines, it is important to consult a doctor or pharmacist. They can evaluate your individual needs, consider possible interactions and give recommendations for the dosage and duration of the reception.

• Information about the drugs taken: Be sure to inform your doctor or pharmacist about all the drugs that you take, including prescription drugs, over -the -counter drugs, vitamins, minerals and other dietary supplements.

• Start with a low dose: At the first use of dietary supplements, start with a low dose and gradually increase it if necessary. This will help you evaluate your individual sensitivity to the drug and reduce the risk of side effects.

• Follow the dosage recommendations: Do not exceed the recommended dosage indicated on the packaging of the drug or recommended by your doctor.

• Avoid simultaneously taking several dietary supplements for sleeping: Simultaneous intake of several dietary supplements for sleeping can enhance their sedative effect and increase the risk of side effects.

• Follow caution in driving vehicles or performing hazardous work: Dietary dietary supplements can cause drowsiness and a decrease in concentration. Therefore, you should not drive vehicles or perform dangerous work that require increased attention, after taking these drugs.

• Avoid drinking alcohol: Alcohol can enhance the sedative effect of dietary supplements for sleeping, leading to excessive drowsiness and impaired coordination of movements.

• Stop taking dietary supplement when side effects appear: If you experience any side effects after taking a dietary supplement, stop taking it and consult a doctor.

• Do not use dietary supplements for a long time: Dad for sleep should only be used for a short period of time. If you have chronic sleep problems, consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

• Adhere to sleep hygiene rules: Dietary dietary supplements are not a replacement for a healthy lifestyle and compliance with sleep hygiene rules. It is important to create favorable conditions for sleeping, such as regular sleep mode, dark, quiet and cool bedroom, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, regular physical exercises and stress management.

• Check the quality of the product: When buying dietary supplements for sleeping, choose products from well -known and reliable manufacturers who have passed independent testing for quality and cleanliness. Pay attention to the availability of quality certificates such as NSF International or USP Verified.

• Read the composition carefully: Before buying a diet, read the composition of the product carefully and make sure that it does not contain ingredients that you are allergic or intolerance to.

• Consider the individual characteristics: The effectiveness and safety of dietary supplements for sleep can vary depending on individual characteristics, such as age, gender, health status and medications taken. Therefore, it is important to consider these factors when choosing and using dietary supplements for sleeping.

Section 5: Alternative methods of sleep improvement

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (KPT): KPT B is an effective method of treating insomnia, which helps change the negative thoughts and behavior associated with sleep. KPT B includes various techniques, such as stimulus control, sleep restriction, cognitive restructuring and relaxation techniques.
• Sleep hygiene: Compliance with sleep hygiene rules can significantly improve sleep quality. Sleep hygiene rules include:
  • Regular sleep mode (go to bed and wake up at the same time every day).
  • Dark, quiet and cool bedroom.
  • Avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime.
  • Regular physical exercises (but not before bedtime).
  • Stress management (for example, using meditation, yoga or breathing exercises).
  • Limiting the time spent in bed (not to lie in bed, if you can’t sleep).
  • Avoiding the use of electronic devices before bedtime (blue light from the screens may suppress the production of melatonin).
• Relaxation techniques: Relaxation techniques, such as meditation, yoga, deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, can help reduce stress and anxiety, which helps to improve sleep.
• Acupuncture: Acupuncture is a method of traditional Chinese medicine, which includes the introduction of thin needles into certain points on the body to stimulate energy and restore balance. Acupuncture can be effective for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders.
• State therapy: Light therapy is a method for treating circus rhythms, which includes the effects of bright light at a certain time of the day. Light therapy can be effective for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAR), jetga and insomnia associated with replaceable work.

Section 6: Legal aspects and regulation of dietary supplements for sleeping

• Bad status: Unlike drugs, dietary supplements (biologically active additives) usually do not go through strict clinical trials and do not require preliminary approval by regulatory authorities (for example, FDA in the USA or Roszdravnadzor in Russia) before entering the market. This means that manufacturers are not required to prove the effectiveness or safety of their products before their sale.

• Production and marking regulation: Despite the lack of preliminary approval, the production and marking of dietary supplements are subject to certain regulation. Regulatory authorities establish standards for production (for example, GMP – Good Manufacturing Practices) and dietary supplements to ensure their quality and safety. The marking of dietary supplements should contain information about the composition, dosage, method of application and contraindications. Manufacturers do not have the right to make unreasonable statements about the healing properties of their products.

• Manufacturer’s responsibility: Bad manufacturers are responsible for the safety of their products. If dietary supplements harm consumer health, the manufacturer can be held accountable.

• Quality control: Quality control of dietary supplements can be carried out by both manufacturers themselves and independent laboratories. Independent testing can confirm the correspondence of the product by the declared composition and the absence of harmful impurities. When buying dietary supplements, it is recommended to choose products from well -known and reliable manufacturers who have passed independent testing.

• Risk and safety: Due to the lack of strict regulation of dietary supplements, the ingredients that are not indicated on the label, or in quantities other than the declared ones, may contain. This can be a danger to consumer health, especially for people who take other medicines or have certain diseases.

• Consumer’s awareness: Consumers should be informed about the risks and advantages of using dietary supplements and make reasonable decisions. It is important to read the labels, study the product information and consult a doctor or pharmacist before taking a dietary supplement.

Section 7: Future areas of research in the field of dietary supplements for sleeping

• Studying the mechanisms of the action of dietary supplements: Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of dietary supplements for sleeping at the molecular and cellular levels. This will develop more effective and safe dietary supplements with a predictable action.

• Clinical trials: It is necessary to conduct a larger amount of randomized controlled clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and safety of dietary supplements for sleeping in various groups of the population, including children, elderly people and people with concomitant diseases.

• Personalized approach: It is necessary to develop personalized approaches to the choice and dosage of dietary supplements for sleeping, taking into account individual characteristics, such as genetics, metabolism and medications taken.

• Development of new dietary supplements: It is necessary to develop new dietary supplements for sleep with improved properties, such as higher bioavailability, less side effects and longer effects.

• Studying the interaction of dietary supplements with other medicines and dietary supplements: It is necessary to conduct research to evaluate the interaction of dietary supplements for sleep with other medicines and dietary supplements in order to prevent undesirable consequences.

• Sleep monitoring technologies: The development of sleep monitoring technologies (for example, wearable devices) will more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of dietary supplements for sleep and adjust the dosage and duration of the reception.

• Integrative approach: It is necessary to integrate dietary supplements for sleep with other methods of treating insomnia, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and sleep hygiene, to achieve the best results.

This article covers a wide range of topics related to sleep aids and their interactions with medications, focusing on detail, accuracy, and clarity. It aims to provide comprehensive information for readers to make informed decisions about their sleep health.